{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T21:04:35Z","timestamp":1781211875556,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"DST | Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRG\/2020\/003480"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2020\/003480"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA\/I\/15\/2\/502071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/I\/15\/2\/502071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EMR\/2016\/000854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EMR\/2016\/000854"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DST\/INSPIRE\/04\/2019\/001857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DST\/INSPIRE\/04\/2019\/001857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR23942\/BRB\/10\/1808\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR23942\/BRB\/10\/1808\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie ETN","award":["765912"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["765912"]}]},{"name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie Cofund","award":["713660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["713660"]}]},{"name":"ENW KLEIN-1","award":["OCENW.KLEIN.118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCENW.KLEIN.118"]}]},{"name":"ZonMW TOP","award":["91217002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91217002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EMBO Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The type I interferon (IFN) response is the major host arsenal against invading viruses. IRGM is a negative regulator of IFN responses under basal conditions. However, the role of human IRGM during viral infection has remained unclear. In this study, we show that IRGM expression is increased upon viral infection. IFN responses induced by viral PAMPs are negatively regulated by IRGM. Conversely, IRGM depletion results in a robust induction of key viral restriction factors including IFITMs, APOBECs, SAMHD1, tetherin, viperin, and HERC5\/6. Additionally, antiviral processes such as MHC-I antigen presentation and stress granule signaling are enhanced in IRGM-deficient cells, indicating a robust cell-intrinsic antiviral immune state. Consistently, IRGM-depleted cells are resistant to the infection with seven viruses from five different families, including\n                    <jats:italic>Togaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Herpesviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Flaviviverdae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Rhabdoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Coronaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Moreover, we show that\n                    <jats:italic>Irgm1<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockout mice are highly resistant to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. Altogether, our work highlights IRGM as a broad therapeutic target to promote defense against a large number of human viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, CHIKV, and Zika virus.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202152948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T04:59:35Z","timestamp":1630472375000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Inhibition of IRGM establishes a robust antiviral immune state to restrict pathogenic viruses"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Parej","family":"Nath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9137-6024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishant Ranjan","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kautilya Kumar","family":"Jena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankita","family":"Datey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2788-0303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilima Dinesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhash","family":"Mehto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saikat","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tapas Kumar","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swatismita","family":"Priyadarsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kshitish","family":"Rout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramyasingh","family":"Bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5568-680X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krushna C","family":"Murmu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3376-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manjula","family":"Kalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Patnaik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Punit","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulvio","family":"Reggiori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soma","family":"Chattopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9167-5107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5514","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5514","volume":"179","author":"A Bafica","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bafica A, Feng CG, Santiago HC, Aliberti J, Cheever A, Thomas KE, Taylor GA, Vogel SN, Sher A (2007) The IFN-inducible GTPase LRG47 (Irgm1) negatively regulates TLR4-triggered proinflammatory cytokine production and prevents endotoxemia. J Immunol 179: 5514\u20135522","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4585","volume":"370","author":"P Bastard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, Michailidis E, Hoffmann HH, Zhang Y, Dorgham K, Philippot Q, Rosain J, Beziat V et\u00a0al (2020) Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science 370: eabd4585","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.026","volume":"181","author":"D Blanco-Melo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Blanco-Melo D, Nilsson-Payant BE, Liu W-C, Uhl S, Hoagland D, M\u00f8ller R, Jordan TX, Oishi K, Panis M, Sachs D et\u00a0al (2020) Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell 181: 1036\u20131045","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121965","volume":"8","author":"G Boso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boso G, Kozak CA (2020) Retroviral restriction factors and their viral targets: restriction strategies and evolutionary adaptations. Microorganisms 8: 1965","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab044","volume":"224","author":"A Boumaza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boumaza A, Gay L, Mezouar S, Bestion E, Diallo AB, Michel M, Desnues B, Raoult D, La Scola B, Halfon P et\u00a0al (2021) Monocytes and macrophages, targets of SARS-CoV-2: the clue for Covid-19 immunoparalysis. J Infect Dis 224: 395\u2013406","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137971","volume":"316","author":"S Burgdorf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Burgdorf S, Kautz A, Bohnert V, Knolle PA, Kurts C (2007) Distinct pathways of antigen uptake and intracellular routing in CD4 and CD8 T cell activation. Science 316: 612\u2013616","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.03.020","volume":"58","author":"S Chauhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chauhan S, Mandell MA, Deretic V (2015) IRGM governs the core autophagy machinery to conduct antimicrobial defense. Mol Cell 58: 507\u2013521","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2018.09.012","volume":"1866","author":"M Chemudupati","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chemudupati M, Kenney AD, Bonifati S, Zani A, McMichael TM, Wu L, Yount JS (2019) From APOBEC to ZAP: Diverse mechanisms used by cellular restriction factors to inhibit virus infections. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res 1866: 382\u2013394","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040382","volume":"12","author":"SA Coggins","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coggins SA, Mahboubi B, Schinazi RF, Kim B (2020) SAMHD1 functions and human diseases. Viruses 12: 382","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02876","volume":"9","author":"M Colomer-Lluch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colomer-Lluch M, Ruiz A, Moris A, Prado JG (2018) Restriction factors: from intrinsic viral restriction to shaping cellular immunity against HIV-1. Front Immunol 9: 2876","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.001","volume":"16","author":"AA Compton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Compton AA, Bruel T, Porrot F, Mallet A, Sachse M, Euvrard M, Liang C, Casartelli N, Schwartz O (2014) IFITM proteins incorporated into HIV-1 virions impair viral fusion and spread. Cell Host Microbe 16: 736\u2013747","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040029","volume":"4","author":"T Couderc","year":"2008","unstructured":"Couderc T, Chr\u00e9tien F, Schilte C, Disson O, Brigitte M, Guivel-Benhassine F, Touret Y, Barau G, Cayet N, Schuffenecker I et\u00a0al (2008) A mouse model for Chikungunya: young age and inefficient type-I interferon signaling are risk factors for severe disease. PLoS Pathog 4: e29","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9450-2_9","volume":"1988","author":"D Dersh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dersh D, Yewdell JW, Wei J (2019) A SIINFEKL-based system to measure MHC class I antigen presentation efficiency and kinetics. Methods Mol Biol 1988: 109\u2013122","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.06.016","volume":"130","author":"M Desforges","year":"2007","unstructured":"Desforges M, Miletti TC, Gagnon M, Talbot PJ (2007) Activation of human monocytes after infection by human coronavirus 229E. Virus Res 130: 228\u2013240","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.05.002","volume":"38","author":"LA Durfee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Durfee LA, Lyon N, Seo K, Huibregtse JM (2010) The ISG15 conjugation system broadly targets newly synthesized proteins: implications for the antiviral function of ISG15. Mol Cell 38: 722\u2013732","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02744-14","volume":"89","author":"V Fensterl","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fensterl V, Sen GC (2015) Interferon-induced Ifit proteins: their role in viral pathogenesis. J Virol 89: 2462\u20132468","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0238-4","volume":"558","author":"AS Gizzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gizzi AS, Grove TL, Arnold JJ, Jose J, Jangra RK, Garforth SJ, Du Q, Cahill SM, Dulyaninova NG, Love JD et\u00a0al (2018) A naturally occurring antiviral ribonucleotide encoded by the human genome. Nature 558: 610\u2013614","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2004.12.001","volume":"16","author":"SP Goff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Goff SP (2004) Retrovirus restriction factors. Mol Cell 16: 849\u2013859","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002422","volume":"7","author":"IP Gr\u00e9goire","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gr\u00e9goire IP, Richetta C, Meyniel-Schicklin L, Borel S, Pradezynski F, Diaz O, Deloire A, Azocar O, Baguet J, Le Breton M et\u00a0al (2011) IRGM is a common target of RNA viruses that subvert the autophagy network. PLoS Pathog 7: e1002422","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01738.x","volume":"110","author":"EW Hewitt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hewitt EW (2003) The MHC class I antigen presentation pathway: strategies for viral immune evasion. Immunology 110: 163\u2013169","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.017","volume":"54","author":"DA Hoagland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoagland DA, M\u00f8ller R, Uhl SA, Oishi K, Frere J, Golynker I, Horiuchi S, Panis M, Blanco-Melo D, Sachs D et\u00a0al (2021) Leveraging the antiviral type I interferon system as a first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity. Immunity 54: 557\u2013570","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR22","volume":"21","author":"KK Jena","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jena KK, Mehto S, Nath P, Chauhan NR, Sahu R, Dhar K, Das SK, Kolapalli SP, Murmu KC, Jain A et\u00a0al (2020) Autoimmunity gene IRGM suppresses cGAS-STING and RIG-I-MAVS signaling to control interferon response. EMBO Rep 21: e50051","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.162","volume":"17","author":"SHE Kaufmann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaufmann SHE, Dorhoi A, Hotchkiss RS, Bartenschlager R (2018) Host-directed therapies for bacterial and viral infections. Nat Rev Drug Discov 17: 35\u201356","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3339","volume":"12","author":"KS Kobayashi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kobayashi KS, van den Elsen PJ (2012) NLRC5: a key regulator of MHC class I-dependent immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 12: 813\u2013820","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR25","volume":"9","author":"A Kumar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kumar A, Mamidi P, Das I, Nayak TK, Kumar S, Chhatai J, Chattopadhyay S, Suryawanshi AR, Chattopadhyay S (2014) A novel 2006 Indian outbreak strain of Chikungunya virus exhibits different pattern of infection as compared to prototype strain. PLoS One 9: e85714","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201708039","volume":"217","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Jain A, Farzam F, Jia J, Gu Y, Choi SW, Mudd MH, Claude-Taupin A, Wester MJ, Lidke KA et\u00a0al (2018) Mechanism of Stx17 recruitment to autophagosomes via IRGM and mammalian Atg8 proteins. J Cell Biol 217: 997\u20131013","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR27","volume":"9","author":"K Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li K, Markosyan RM, Zheng Y-M, Golfetto O, Bungart B, Li M, Ding S, He Y, Liang C, Lee JC et\u00a0al (2013) IFITM proteins restrict viral membrane hemifusion. PLoS Pathog 9: e1003124","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy773","volume":"68","author":"M Lipsitch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lipsitch M (2019) Challenges of vaccine effectiveness and waning studies. Clin Infect Dis 68: 1631\u20131633","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G573","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00071.2013","volume":"305","author":"B Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu B, Gulati AS, Cantillana V, Henry SC, Schmidt EA, Daniell X, Grossniklaus E, Schoenborn AA, Sartor RB, Taylor GA (2013) Irgm1-deficient mice exhibit Paneth cell abnormalities and increased susceptibility to acute intestinal inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 305: G573\u2013G584","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01410","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01410-20","volume":"94","author":"KG Lokugamage","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lokugamage KG, Hage A, de Vries M, Valero-Jimenez AM, Schindewolf C, Dittmann M, Rajsbaum R, Menachery VD (2020) Type I interferon susceptibility distinguishes SARS-CoV-2 from SARS-CoV. J Virol 94: e01410\u2013e01420","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104811","volume":"179","author":"E Mantlo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mantlo E, Bukreyeva N, Maruyama J, Paessler S, Huang C (2020) Antiviral activities of type I interferons to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antiviral Res 179: 104811","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.63","volume":"17","author":"C McCormick","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCormick C, Khaperskyy DA (2017) Translation inhibition and stress granules in the antiviral immune response. Nat Rev Immunol 17: 647\u2013660","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3787","volume":"15","author":"F McNab","year":"2015","unstructured":"McNab F, Mayer-Barber K, Sher A, Wack A, O'Garra A (2015) Type I interferons in infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol 15: 87\u2013103","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03070-1","volume":"587","author":"E Meffre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meffre E, Iwasaki A (2020) Interferon deficiency can lead to severe COVID. Nature 587: 374\u2013376","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1628544","volume":"15","author":"S Mehto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehto S, Chauhan S, Jena KK, Chauhan NR, Nath P, Sahu R, Dhar K, Das SK, Chauhan S (2019a) IRGM restrains NLRP3 inflammasome activation by mediating its SQSTM1\/p62-dependent selective autophagy. Autophagy 15: 1645\u20131647","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2018.11.018","volume":"73","author":"S Mehto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mehto S, Jena KK, Nath P, Chauhan S, Kolapalli SP, Das SK, Sahoo PK, Jain A, Taylor GA, Chauhan S (2019b) The Crohn's disease risk factor IRGM limits NLRP3 inflammasome activation by impeding its assembly and by mediating its selective autophagy. Mol Cell 73: 429\u2013445.e7","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13794","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008684107","volume":"107","author":"TB Meissner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Meissner TB, Li A, Biswas A, Lee KH, Liu YJ, Bayir E, Iliopoulos D, van den Elsen PJ, Kobayashi KS (2010) NLR family member NLRC5 is a transcriptional regulator of MHC class I genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 13794\u201313799","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3390\/v9010003","volume":"9","author":"TK Nayak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nayak TK, Mamidi P, Kumar A, Singh LP, Sahoo SS, Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay S (2017) Regulation of viral replication, apoptosis and pro-inflammatory responses by 17-AAG during Chikungunya Virus Infection in Macrophages. Viruses 9: 3","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4940","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103136","volume":"188","author":"A Neerincx","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neerincx A, Rodriguez GM, Steimle V, Kufer TA (2012) NLRC5 controls basal MHC class I gene expression in an MHC enhanceosome-dependent manner. J Immunol 188: 4940\u20134950","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR40","first-page":"67","volume":"371","author":"SJ Neil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neil SJ (2013) The antiviral activities of tetherin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 371: 67\u2013104","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-34","volume":"4","author":"LFP Ng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ng LFP, Hibberd ML, Ooi E-E, Tang K-F, Neo S-Y, Tan J, Krishna Murthy KR, Vega VB, Chia J-M, Liu ET et\u00a0al (2004) A human in\u00a0vitro model system for investigating genome-wide host responses to SARS coronavirus infection. BMC Infect Dis 4: 34","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR42","volume":"14","author":"G Ni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ni G, Ma Z, Damania B (2018) cGAS and STING: At the intersection of DNA and RNA virus-sensing networks. PLoS Pathog 14: e1007148","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029870","volume":"7","author":"D Oudshoorn","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oudshoorn D, van Boheemen S, Sanchez-Aparicio MT, Rajsbaum R, Garcia-Sastre A, Versteeg GA (2012) HERC6 is the main E3 ligase for global ISG15 conjugation in mouse cells. PLoS One 7: e29870","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR44","first-page":"201.225","volume":"198","author":"C Pei","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pei C, Wang C, Xu H (2017) Irgm1 suppresses NLRP3 Inflammasome-mediated IL-1\u03b2 production. J Immunol 198: 201.225","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.09.024","volume":"425","author":"JM Perreira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perreira JM, Chin CR, Feeley EM, Brass AL (2013) IFITMs restrict the replication of multiple pathogenic viruses. J Mol Biol 425: 4937\u20134955","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.594928","volume":"11","author":"S Raghav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raghav S, Ghosh A, Turuk J, Kumar S, Jha A, Madhulika S, Priyadarshini M, Biswas VK, Shyamli PS, Singh B et\u00a0al (2020) Analysis of Indian SARS-CoV-2 genomes reveals prevalence of D614G mutation in spike protein predicting an increase in interaction with TMPRSS2 and virus infectivity. Front Microbiol 11: 594928","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00859-0","volume":"22","author":"P Rai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rai P, Janardhan KS, Meacham J, Madenspacher JH, Lin W-C, Karmaus PWF, Martinez J, Li Q-Z, Yan M, Zeng J et\u00a0al (2021) IRGM1 links mitochondrial quality control to autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 22: 312\u2013321","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.10.008","volume":"1","author":"JW Schoggins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schoggins JW, Rice CM (2011) Interferon-stimulated genes and their antiviral effector functions. Curr Opin Virol 1: 519\u2013525","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092818-015756","volume":"6","author":"JW Schoggins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schoggins JW (2019) Interferon-stimulated genes: what do they all do? Annu Rev Virol 6: 567\u2013584","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129577","volume":"313","author":"SB Singh","year":"2006","unstructured":"Singh SB, Davis AS, Taylor GA, Deretic V (2006) Human IRGM induces autophagy to eliminate intracellular mycobacteria. Science 313: 1438\u20131441","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2010.07.001","volume":"24","author":"L Strasfeld","year":"2010","unstructured":"Strasfeld L, Chou S (2010) Antiviral drug resistance: mechanisms and clinical implications. Infect Dis Clin North Am 24: 809\u2013833","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.10.022","volume":"425","author":"A Sze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sze A, Olagnier D, Lin R, van Grevenynghe J, Hiscott J (2013) SAMHD1 host restriction factor: a link with innate immune sensing of retrovirus infection. J Mol Biol 425: 4981\u20134994","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.01.001","volume":"16","author":"JR Teijaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Teijaro JR (2016) Type I interferons in viral control and immune regulation. Curr Opin Virol 16: 31\u201340","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X16666180817115830","volume":"16","author":"DV Urbano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Urbano DV, De Crignis E, Re MC (2018) Host restriction factors and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1): a dynamic interplay involving all phases of the viral life cycle. Curr HIV Res 16: 184\u2013207","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5748","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.9.5748","volume":"179","author":"C von Garnier","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Garnier C, Wikstrom ME, Zosky G, Turner DJ, Sly PD, Smith M, Thomas JA, Judd SR, Strickland DH, Holt PG et\u00a0al (2007) Allergic airways disease develops after an increase in allergen capture and processing in the airway mucosa. J Immunol 179: 5748\u20135759","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.1.401-409.2005","volume":"79","author":"R Wahid","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wahid R, Cannon MJ, Chow M (2005) Dendritic cells and macrophages are productively infected by poliovirus. J Virol 79: 401\u2013409","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12646","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01328-10","volume":"84","author":"JM Weidner","year":"2010","unstructured":"Weidner JM, Jiang D, Pan XB, Chang J, Block TM, Guo JT (2010) Interferon-induced cell membrane proteins, IFITM3 and tetherin, inhibit vesicular stomatitis virus infection via distinct mechanisms. J Virol 84: 12646\u201312657","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0944-y","volume":"26","author":"AJ Wilk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wilk AJ, Rustagi A, Zhao NQ, Roque J, Mart\u00ednez-Col\u00f3n GJ, McKechnie JL, Ivison GT, Ranganath T, Vergara R, Hollis T et\u00a0al (2020) A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19. Nat Med 26: 1070\u20131076","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0778-2","volume":"21","author":"ES Winkler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Winkler ES, Bailey AL, Kafai NM, Nair S, McCune BT, Yu J, Fox JM, Chen RE, Earnest JT, Keeler SP et\u00a0al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ACE2-transgenic mice causes severe lung inflammation and impaired function. Nat Immunol 21: 1327\u20131335","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102151","volume":"24","author":"E Wyler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wyler E, M\u00f6sbauer K, Franke V, Diag A, Gottula LT, Arsi\u00e8 R, Klironomos F, Koppstein D, H\u00f6nzke K, Ayoub S et\u00a0al (2021) Transcriptomic profiling of SARS-CoV-2 infected human cell lines identifies HSP90 as target for COVID-19 therapy. iScience 24: 102151","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.6.2684-2693.2006","volume":"80","author":"YT Yen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yen YT, Liao F, Hsiao CH, Kao CL, Chen YC, Wu-Hsieh BA (2006) Modeling the early events of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in\u00a0vitro. J Virol 80: 2684\u20132693","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-0762-x","volume":"21","author":"J-Y Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J-Y, Wang X-M, Xing X, Xu Z, Zhang C, Song J-W, Fan X, Xia P, Fu J-L, Wang S-Y et\u00a0al (2020a) Single-cell landscape of immunological\u00a0responses in patients with COVID-19. Nat Immunol 21: 1107\u20131118","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd4570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd4570","volume":"370","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Bastard P, Liu Z, Le Pen J, Moncada-Velez M, Chen J, Ogishi M, Sabli IKD, Hodeib S, Korol C et\u00a0al (2020b) Inborn errors of type I IFN immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science 370: eabd4570","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","volume":"10","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Zhou B, Pache L, Chang M, Khodabakhshi AH, Tanaseichuk O, Benner C, Chanda SK (2019) Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets. Nat Commun 10: 1523","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"BFEMBR202152948_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.017","volume":"27","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Ren L, Zhang LI, Zhong J, Xiao Y, Jia Z, Guo LI, Yang J, Wang C, Jiang S et\u00a0al (2020) Heightened innate immune responses in the respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients. Cell Host Microbe 27: 883\u2013890","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"container-title":["The EMBO Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/embr.202152948.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.15252\/embr.202152948","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.15252\/embr.202152948\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.embopress.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.15252\/embr.202152948","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/embr.202152948.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:54:49Z","timestamp":1779112489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.15252\/embr.202152948"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,4]]}},"alternative-id":["BFEMBR202152948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/embr.202152948","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-221X","1469-3178"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-221X","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-3178","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 August 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 August 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"EMBR202152948"}}