{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:31:06Z","timestamp":1779114666379,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"MOST|National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC1001902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1001902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Founation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81802124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81802124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Founation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81672124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81672124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Key Project","award":["18JCQNJC79400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18JCQNJC79400"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019062","name":"Tianjin Research Innovation Project for Postgraduate Students","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YJSB114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YJSB114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Tianjin Municipal 13th five\u2010year plan"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017M611176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M611176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EMBO Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]},"DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202153955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T03:37:02Z","timestamp":1649389022000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cardio\u2010respiratory and phenotypic rescue of dystrophin\/utrophin\u2010deficient mice by combination therapy"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8680-3159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caorui","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lulu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshifumi","family":"Yokota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqi","family":"Seow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8774-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"HaiFang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/XCE.0000000000000203","volume":"9","author":"AF AbdelMassih","year":"2020","unstructured":"AbdelMassih AF, Esmail R, Zekri H, Kharabish A, ElKhashab K, Menshawey R, Ismail HA, Afdal P, Farid E, Affifi O (2020) Revisiting the pathogenic role of insulin resistance in Duchenne muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy subphenotypes. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 9: 165\u2013170","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR2","first-page":"1","volume":"20","author":"PS Addison","year":"2021","unstructured":"Addison PS, Smit P, Jacquel D, Addison AP, Miller C, Kimm G (2021) Continuous non\u2010contact respiratory rate and tidal volume monitoring using a Depth Sensing Camera. J Clin Monit Comput 20: 1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Monit Comput"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev184507","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.184507","volume":"147","author":"M Agarwal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agarwal M, Sharma A, Kumar P, Kumar A, Bharadwaj A, Saini M, Kardon G, Mathew SJ (2020) Myosin heavy chain\u2010embryonic regulates skeletal muscle differentiation during mammalian development. Development 147: dev184507","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015858","volume":"98","author":"LN Alfano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alfano LN, Charleston JS, Connolly AM, Cripe L, Donoghue C, Dracker R, Dworzak J, Eliopoulos H, Frank DE, Lewis S et al (2019) Long\u2010term treatment with eteplirsen in nonambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Medicine 98: e15858","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609493","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.609493","volume":"8","author":"C Angebault","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angebault C, Aanel M, Lacote M, Rieusset J, Lacampagne A, Fauconnier J (2020) Metformin reverses the enhanced myocardial SR\/ER\u2010mitochondria interaction and impaired complex I\u2010driven respiration in dystrophin\u2010deficient mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 8: 609493","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2020.56.8.3159186","volume":"56","author":"S Anwar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anwar S, Yokota T (2020) Golodirsen for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Drugs Today 56: 491\u2013504","journal-title":"Drugs Today"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx370","volume":"26","author":"D Athanasiou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Athanasiou D, Aguila M, Opefi CA, South K, Bellingham J, Bevilacqua D, Munro PM, Kanuga N, Mackenzie FE, Dubis AM et al (2017) Rescue of mutant rhodopsin traffic by metformin\u2010induced AMPK activation accelerates photoreceptor degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 26: 305\u2013319","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2146","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005680","volume":"90","author":"JS Charleston","year":"2018","unstructured":"Charleston JS, Schnell FJ, Dworzak J, Donoghue C, Lewis S, Chen L, Young GD, Milici AJ, Voss J, DeAlwis U et al (2018) Eteplirsen treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: exon skipping and dystrophin production. Neurology 90: e2146\u2013e2154","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7828","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202858","volume":"13","author":"Q Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Q, Thompson J, Hu Y, Lesnefsky EJ (2021) Chronic metformin treatment decreases cardiac injury during ischemia\u2010reperfusion by attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress with improved mitochondrial function. Aging 13: 7828\u20137845","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80532-2","volume":"90","author":"AE Deconinck","year":"1997","unstructured":"Deconinck AE, Rafael JA, Skinner JA, Brown SC, Potter AC, Metzinger L, Watt DJ, Dickson JG, Tinsley JM, Davies KE (1997) Utrophin\u2010dystrophin\u2010deficient mice as a model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cell 90: 717\u2013727","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1089\/nat.2013.0450","volume":"24","author":"MS Falzarano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Falzarano MS, Passarelli C, Ferlini A (2014) Nanoparticle delivery of antisense oligonucleotides and their application in the exon skipping strategy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nucleic Acid Ther 24: 87\u2013100","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Ther"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300245","volume":"15","author":"S Fletcher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fletcher S, Honeyman K, Fall AM, Harding PL, Johnsen RD, Steinhaus JP, Moulton HM, Iversen PL, Wilton SD (2007) Morpholino oligomer\u2010mediated exon skipping averts the onset of dystrophic pathology in the mdx mouse. Mol Ther 15: 1587\u20131592","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040820","volume":"10","author":"F Fortunato","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fortunato F, Rossi R, Falzarano MS, Ferlini A (2021) Innovative therapeutic approaches for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Clin Med 10: 820","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR14","volume":"10","author":"X Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao X, Ran N, Dong X, Zuo B, Yang R, Zhou Q, Moulton HM, Seow Y, Yin H (2018) Anchor peptide captures, targets, and loads exosomes of diverse origins for diagnostics and therapy. Sci Transl Med 10: eaat0195","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.63","volume":"22","author":"X Gao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao X, Zhao J, Han G, Zhang Y, Dong X, Cao L, Wang Q, Moulton HM, Yin H (2014) Effective dystrophin restoration by a novel muscle\u2010homing peptide\u2010morpholino conjugate in dystrophin\u2010deficient mdx mice. Mol Ther 22: 1333\u20131341","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13500","volume":"1412","author":"M Gawor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gawor M, Proszynski TJ (2018) The molecular cross talk of the dystrophin\u2010glycoprotein complex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1412: 62\u201372","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803695","volume":"32","author":"A Golay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Golay A (2008) Metformin and body weight. Int J Obes 32: 61\u201372","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR18","volume-title":"Acute kidney injury","author":"A Goyal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goyal A, Daneshpajouhnejad P, Hashmi MF, Bashir K (2021) Acute kidney injury. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR19","volume":"11","author":"P Hafner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hafner P, Bonati U, Erne B, Schmid M, Rubino D, Pohlman U, Peters T, Rutz E, Frank S, Neuhaus C et al (2016) Improved muscle function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy through L\u2010arginine and metformin: an investigator\u2010initiated, open\u2010label, single\u2010center. Proof\u2010Of\u2010Concept\u2010Study. PLoS One 11: e0147634","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.14171","volume":"2","author":"P Hafner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hafner P, Bonati U, Klein A, Rubino D, Gocheva V, Schmidt S, Schroeder J, Bernert G, Laugel V, Steinlin M et al (2019) Effect of combination l\u2010citrulline and metformin treatment on motor function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2: e1914171","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10981","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10981","volume":"7","author":"G Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han G, Gu B, Cao L, Gao X, Wang Q, Seow Y, Zhang N, Wood MJ, Yin H (2016) Hexose enhances oligonucleotide delivery and exon skipping in dystrophin\u2010deficient mdx mice. Nat Commun 7: 10981","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.09.012","volume":"18","author":"G Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han G, Gu B, Lin C, Ning H, Song J, Gao X, Moulton HM, Yin H (2019a) Hexose potentiates peptide\u2010conjugated morpholino oligomer efficacy in cardiac muscles of dystrophic mice in an age\u2010dependent manner. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 18: 341\u2013350","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.06.005","volume":"12","author":"G Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han G, Lin C, Ning H, Gao X, Yin H (2018) Long\u2010term morpholino oligomers in hexose elicits long\u2010lasting therapeutic improvements in mdx mice. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 12: 478\u2013489","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0900-7","volume":"18","author":"Y Han","year":"2019","unstructured":"Han Y, Xie H, Liu Y, Gao P, Yang X, Shen Z (2019b) Effect of metformin on all\u2010cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery diseases: a systematic review and an updated meta\u2010analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 18: 96","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-018-2614-7","volume":"50","author":"E Hanff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hanff E, Hafner P, Bollenbach A, Bonati U, Kayacelebi AA, Fischer D, Tsikas D (2018) Effects of single and combined metformin and L\u2010citrulline supplementation on L\u2010arginine\u2010related pathways in Becker muscular dystrophy patients: possible biochemical and clinical implications. Amino Acids 50: 1391\u20131406","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR26","first-page":"640","volume":"72","author":"DC Hughes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hughes DC, Marcotte GR, Marshall AG, West DWD, Baehr LM, Wallace MA, Saleh PM, Bodine SC, Baar K (2017) Age\u2010related differences in dystrophin: impact on force transfer proteins, membrane integrity, and neuromuscular junction stability. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 72: 640\u2013648","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107719","volume":"220","author":"M Iftikhar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iftikhar M, Frey J, Shohan MJ, Malek S, Mousa SA (2021) Current and emerging therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. Pharmacol Ther 220: 107719","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.03.014","volume":"11","author":"A Kalender","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kalender A, Selvaraj A, Kim SY, Gulati P, Br\u00fbl\u00e9 S, Viollet B, Kemp BE, Bardeesy N, Dennis P, Schlager JJ et al (2010) Metformin, independent of AMPK, inhibits\u2009mTORC1 in a rag GTPase\u2010dependent manner. Cell Metab 11: 390\u2013401","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164ra160","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005054","volume":"4","author":"GC Kendall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kendall GC, Mokhonova EI, Moran M, Sejbuk NE, Wang DW, Silva O, Wang RT, Martinez L, Lu QL, Damoiseaux R et al (2012) Dantrolene enhances antisense\u2010mediated exon skipping in human and mouse models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Sci Transl Med 4: 164ra160","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01357.2003","volume":"97","author":"N Laws","year":"2004","unstructured":"Laws N, Hoey A (2004) Progression of kyphosis in mdx mice. J Appl Physiol 97: 1970\u20131977","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.120687","volume":"3","author":"R Lehmann\u2010Werman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lehmann\u2010Werman R, Magenheim J, Moss J, Neiman D, Abraham O, Piyanzin S, Zemmour H, Fox I, Dor T, Grompe M et al (2018) Monitoring liver damage using hepatocyte\u2010specific methylation markers in cell\u2010free circulating DNA. JCI Insight 3: e120687","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.03.003","volume":"28","author":"C Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin C, Han G, Ning H, Song J, Ran N, Yi X, Seow Y, Yin H (2020) Glycine enhances satellite cell proliferation, cell transplantation, and oligonucleotide efficacy in dystrophic muscle. Mol Ther 28: 1339\u20131358","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI62656","volume":"122","author":"N Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu N, Williams AH, Maxeiner JM, Bezprozvannaya S, Shelton JM, Richardson JA, Bassel\u2010Duby R, Olson EN (2012) microRNA\u2010206 promotes skeletal muscle regeneration and delays progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy in mice. J Clin Invest 122: 2054\u20132065","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.012716","volume":"12","author":"A Lo Mauro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lo Mauro A, Aliverti A (2016) Physiology of respiratory disturbances in muscular dystrophies. Breathe 12: 318\u2013327","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00991.2016","volume":"124","author":"S Magnani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Magnani S, Mulliri G, Sainas G, Ghiani G, Pinna V, Sanna I, Crisafulli A, Tocco F (2018) Occurrence of cardiac output decrease (via stroke volume) is more\u2009pronounced in women than in men during prolonged dry static apnea. J Appl Physiol 124: 349\u2013355","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12075","volume":"12","author":"O Moiseeva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moiseeva O, Deschenes\u2010Simard X, St\u2010Germain E, Igelmann S, Huot G, Cadar AE, Bourdeau V, Pollak MN, Ferbeyre G (2013) Metformin inhibits the senescence\u2010associated secretory phenotype by interfering with IKK\/NF\u2010kappaB activation. Aging Cell 12: 489\u2013498","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2010.02.012","volume":"1798","author":"HM Moulton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Moulton HM, Moulton JD (2010) Morpholinos and their peptide conjugates: therapeutic promise and challenge for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1798: 2296\u20132303","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-021-00276-3","volume":"11","author":"O Mucha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mucha O, Podkalicka P, Kazirod K, Samborowska E, Dulak J, Loboda A (2021) Simvastatin does not alleviate muscle pathology in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Skelet Muscle 11: 21","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR39","first-page":"191","volume":"39","author":"L Oreto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oreto L, Vita GL, Mandraffino G, Carerj S, Calabro MP, Manganaro R, Cusma\u2010Piccione M, Todaro MC, Sframeli M, Cinquegrani M et al (2020) Impaired myocardial strain in early stage of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: its relation with age and motor performance. Acta Myol 39: 191\u2013199","journal-title":"Acta Myol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006974613418","volume":"190","author":"E Ozawa","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ozawa E, Hagiwara Y, Yoshida M (1999) Creatine kinase, cell membrane and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Mol Cell Biochem 190: 143\u2013151","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2013.256","volume":"10","author":"I Pernicova","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pernicova I, Korbonits M (2014) Metformin\u2013mode of action and clinical implications for diabetes and cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10: 143\u2013156","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.4081\/oncol.2021.514","volume":"15","author":"M Podhorecka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Podhorecka M (2021) Metformin \u2010 its anti\u2010cancer effects in hematologic malignancies. Oncol Rev 15: 514","journal-title":"Oncol Rev"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR43","volume":"13","author":"N Ran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ran N, Lin C, Leng L, Han G, Geng M, Wu Y, Bittner S, Moulton HM, Yin H (2021) MOTS\u2010c promotes phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer uptake and efficacy in dystrophic mice. EMBO Mol Med 13: e12993","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI100963","volume":"17","author":"JG Reinhold","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reinhold JG, Kingsley GR (1938) The chemical composition of voluntary muscle in muscle disease: a comparison of progressive muscular dystrophy with other diseases together with a study of effects of glycine and creatine therapy. J Clin Invest 17: 377\u2013383","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-017-0089-0","volume":"12","author":"F Ruscitti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruscitti F, Ravanetti F, Essers J, Ridwan Y, Belenkov S, Vos W, Ferreira F, KleinJan A, van Heijningen P, Van Holsbeke C et al (2017) Longitudinal assessment of bleomycin\u2010induced lung fibrosis by Micro\u2010CT correlates with histological evaluation in mice. Multidiscip Respir Med 12: 8","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-021-00985-4","volume":"35","author":"E Russo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Russo E, Viazzi F, Pontremoli R, Barbagallo CM, Bombelli M, Casiglia E, Cicero AFG, Cirillo M, Cirillo P, Desideri G et al (2021) Association of uric acid with kidney function and albuminuria: the Uric Acid Right for heArt Health (URRAH) project. J Nephrol 35: 211\u2013221","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0834-2","volume":"13","author":"Y Shimizu\u2010Motohashi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimizu\u2010Motohashi Y, Murakami T, Kimura E, Komaki H, Watanabe N (2018) Exon skipping for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 13: 93","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21211","volume":"39","author":"CF Spurney","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spurney CF, Gordish\u2010Dressman H, Guerron AD, Sali A, Pandey GS, Rawat R, Van Der Meulen JH, Cha HJ, Pistilli EE, Partridge TA et al (2009) Preclinical drug trials in the mdx mouse: assessment of reliable and sensitive outcome measures. Muscle Nerve 39: 591\u2013602","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12473","volume":"18","author":"I Thomas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomas I, Gregg B (2017) Metformin; a review of its history and future: from lilac to longevity. Pediatr Diabetes 18: 10\u201316","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61894-3","volume":"10","author":"Y\u2010W Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu Y\u2010W, Ho SK, Tseng W\u2010K, Yeh H\u2010I, Leu H\u2010B, Yin W\u2010H, Lin T\u2010H, Chang K\u2010C, Wang J\u2010H, Wu C\u2010C et al (2020) Potential impacts of high\u2010sensitivity creatine kinase\u2010MB on long\u2010term clinical outcomes in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Sci Rep 10: 5638","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.151","volume":"18","author":"H Yin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yin H, Moulton HM, Betts C, Merritt T, Seow Y, Ashraf S, Wang Q, Boutilier J, Wood MJ (2010) Functional rescue of dystrophin\u2010deficient mdx mice by a chimeric peptide\u2010PMO. Mol Ther 18: 1822\u20131829","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMBR202153955_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563609","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.563609","volume":"11","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Meng Q, Zhong J, Zhang M, Qin X, Ni X, Ma J, He Y, Zeng D, Lan D (2020) Serum MyomiRs as biomarkers for female carriers of Duchenne\/Becker muscular dystrophy. Front Neurol 11: 563609","journal-title":"Front Neurol"}],"container-title":["The EMBO Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/embr.202153955.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.15252\/embr.202153955","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.15252\/embr.202153955\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.embopress.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.15252\/embr.202153955","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/embr.202153955.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T14:00:26Z","timestamp":1779112826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.15252\/embr.202153955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]]}},"alternative-id":["BFEMBR202153955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/embr.202153955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1469-221X","1469-3178"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1469-221X","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-3178","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 March 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 March 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 April 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"H.Y., C.L, and G.H. have been authorized a patent for glycine.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclosure and competing interests statement"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"EMBR202153955"}}