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However, candidalysin alone triggers a distinct mechanism for NET\u2010like structures (NLS), which are more compact and less fibrous than canonical NETs. Candidalysin activates NADPH oxidase and calcium influx, with both processes contributing to morphological changes in neutrophils resulting in NLS formation. NLS are induced by leucotoxic hypercitrullination, which is governed by calcium\u2010induced protein arginine deaminase 4 activation and initiation of intracellular signalling events in a dose\u2010 and time\u2010dependent manner. However, activation of signalling by candidalysin does not suffice to trigger downstream events essential for NET formation, as demonstrated by lack of lamin A\/C phosphorylation, an event required for activation of cyclin\u2010dependent kinases that are crucial for NET release. Candidalysin\u2010triggered NLS demonstrate anti\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity, which is resistant to nuclease treatment and dependent on the deprivation of Zn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    . This study reveals that\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u2009albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    hyphae releasing candidalysin concurrently trigger canonical NETs and NLS, which together form a fibrous sticky network that entangles\n                    <jats:italic>C.\u2009albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    hyphae and efficiently inhibits their growth.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202357571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T15:53:42Z","timestamp":1696521222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Candida albicans induces neutrophil extracellular traps and leucotoxic hypercitrullination via\u00a0candidalysin"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5719-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Unger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9443-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Skoluda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2482-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emelie","family":"Backman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8518-8393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borko","family":"Amulic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0651-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando M","family":"Ponce\u2010Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinelo NC","family":"Etiaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sujan","family":"Yellagunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Kr\u00fcger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5812-7675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horst","family":"von Bernuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9094-6478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Bylund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Hube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8072-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian R","family":"Naglik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1438-1134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constantin F","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMBR202357571_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2017.10.013","volume":"43","author":"B Amulic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amulic B, Knackstedt SL, Abu Abed U, Deigendesch N, Harbort CJ, Caffrey BE, Brinkmann V, Heppner FL, Hinds PW, Zychlinsky A (2017) Cell\u2010cycle proteins control production of neutrophil extracellular traps. 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