{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:36:57Z","timestamp":1791351417361,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]],"date-time":"2017-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]],"date-time":"2017-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014865","name":"Fondation Maladies Rares","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R16070CC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16070CC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GENOPAT\u20102009\u2010ICG2I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GENOPAT\u20102009\u2010ICG2I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRTS\u20102014\u2010MAS\u2010FLAGELLA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRTS\u20102014\u2010MAS\u2010FLAGELLA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EMBO Mol Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201607461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]],"date-time":"2017-05-29T20:10:34Z","timestamp":1496088634000},"page":"1132-1149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":122,"title":["SPINK2 deficiency causes infertility by inducing sperm defects in heterozygotes and azoospermia in\u00a0homozygotes"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zine\u2010Eddine","family":"Kherraf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Christou\u2010Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Karaouzene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Amiri\u2010Yekta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra S","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeline","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christelle","family":"Borel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9atrice","family":"Dorphin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Aknin\u2010Seifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Metzler\u2010Guillemain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Escoffier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Nef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariane","family":"Grepillat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Thierry\u2010Mieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Satre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Bailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Boitrelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Pernet\u2010Gallay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylviane","family":"Hennebicq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Faur\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge P","family":"Bottari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Coutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre F","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Arnoult","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402440212","volume":"244","author":"CE Arboleda","year":"1987","unstructured":"Arboleda CE, Gerton GL (1987) Studies of three major proteases associated with guinea pig sperm acrosomes. J Exp Zool 244: 277\u2013287","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2013-102102","volume":"51","author":"O Ayhan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ayhan O, Balkan M, Guven A, Hazan R, Atar M, Tok A, Tolun A (2014) Truncating mutations in TAF4B and ZMYND15 causing recessive azoospermia. J Med Genet 51: 239\u2010244","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)81178-0","volume":"244","author":"T Baba","year":"1989","unstructured":"Baba T, Michikawa Y, Kawakura K, Arai Y (1989) Activation of boar proacrosin is effected by processing at both N\u2010 and C\u2010terminal portions of the zymogen molecule. FEBS Lett 244: 132\u2013136","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.11.017","volume":"94","author":"M Ben Khelifa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ben Khelifa M, Coutton C, Zouari R, Karaouzene T, Rendu J, Bidart M, Yassine S, Pierre V, Delaroche J, Hennebicq S et\u00a0al (2014) Mutations in DNAH1, which encodes an inner arm heavy chain dynein, lead to male infertility from multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella. Am J Hum Genet 94: 95\u2013104","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2744(78)90305-4","volume":"526","author":"CR Brown","year":"1978","unstructured":"Brown CR, Harrison RA (1978) The activation of proacrosin in spermatozoa from ram bull and boar. Biochim Biophys Acta 526: 202\u2013217","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20100","volume":"69","author":"A Cesari","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cesari A, Sanchez JJ, Biancotti JC, Vazquez\u2010Levin MH, Kaiser G, Palma GA, Alberio R, Vincenti AE, Fornes MW (2004) Immunolocalization of bovine sperm protease BSp120 by light and electron microscopy during capacitation and the acrosome reaction: its role in in\u00a0vitro fertilization. Mol Reprod Dev 69: 411\u2013418","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.37.1.67","volume":"37","author":"JM Chen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chen JM, Mercier B, Audrezet MP, Ferec C (2000) Mutational analysis of the human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) gene in hereditary and sporadic chronic pancreatitis. J Med Genet 37: 67\u201369","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2009.03.010","volume":"1793","author":"S Chera","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chera S, Buzgariu W, Ghila L, Galliot B (2009) Autophagy in Hydra: a response to starvation and stress in early animal evolution. Biochim Biophys Acta 1793: 1432\u20131443","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-6-49","volume":"6","author":"Z Dezso","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dezso Z, Nikolsky Y, Sviridov E, Shi W, Serebriyskaya T, Dosymbekov D, Bugrim A, Rakhmatulin E, Brennan RJ, Guryanov A et\u00a0al (2008) A comprehensive functional analysis of tissue specificity of human gene expression. BMC Biol 6: 49","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2027","volume":"39","author":"K Dieterich","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dieterich K, Soto RR, Faure AK, Hennebicq S, Ben Amar B, Zahi M, Perrin J, Martinez D, Sele B, Jouk PS et\u00a0al (2007) Homozygous mutation of AURKC yields large\u2010headed polyploid spermatozoa and causes male infertility. Nat Genet 39: 661\u2013665","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gal097","volume":"13","author":"C Feig","year":"2007","unstructured":"Feig C, Kirchhoff C, Ivell R, Naether O, Schulze W, Spiess AN (2007) A new paradigm for profiling testicular gene expression during normal and disturbed human spermatogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 13: 33\u201343","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2014-0137","volume":"395","author":"L Furio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Furio L, Hovnanian A (2014) Netherton syndrome: defective kallikrein inhibition in the skin leads to skin inflammation and allergy. Biol Chem 395: 945\u2013958","journal-title":"Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1177\/39.3.1704391","volume":"39","author":"JM Gallo","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gallo JM, Escalier D, Grellier P, Precigout E, Albert M, David G, Schrevel J (1991) Characterization of a monoclonal antibody to human proacrosin and its use in acrosomal status evaluation. J Histochem Cytochem 39: 273\u2013282","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.02.007","volume":"88","author":"R Harbuz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Harbuz R, Zouari R, Pierre V, Ben Khelifa M, Kharouf M, Coutton C, Merdassi G, Abada F, Escoffier J, Nikas Y et\u00a0al (2011) A recurrent deletion of DPY19L2 causes infertility in man by blocking sperm head elongation and acrosome formation. Am J Hum Genet 88: 351\u2013361","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod12.2.232","volume":"12","author":"YH Huang\u2010Yang","year":"1975","unstructured":"Huang\u2010Yang YH, Meizel S (1975) Purification of rabbit testis proacrosin and studies of its active form. Biol Reprod 12: 232\u2013238","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16868","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i45.16868","volume":"20","author":"S Kambhampati","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kambhampati S, Park W, Habtezion A (2014) Pharmacologic therapy for acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 20: 16868\u201316880","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)81078-5","volume":"257","author":"WP Kennedy","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kennedy WP, Swift AM, Parrish RF, Polakoski KL (1982) Proacrosin conversion inhibitor. Purification and initial characterization of a boar sperm protein which prevents the conversion of proacrosin into acrosin. J Biol Chem 257: 3095\u20133099","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4628","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e03-04-0226","volume":"14","author":"AL Kierszenbaum","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kierszenbaum AL, Rivkin E, Tres LL (2003) Acroplaxome, an F\u2010actin\u2010keratin\u2010containing plate, anchors the acrosome to the nucleus during shaping of the spermatid head. Mol Biol Cell 14: 4628\u20134640","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.1.36","volume":"64","author":"KS Kim","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kim KS, Cha MC, Gerton GL (2001) Mouse sperm protein sp56 is a component of the acrosomal matrix. Biol Reprod 64: 36\u201343","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1998.8501","volume":"245","author":"N Kohno","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kohno N, Yamagata K, Yamada S, Kashiwabara S, Sakai Y, Baba T (1998) Two\u00a0novel testicular serine proteases, TESP1 and TESP2, are present in the mouse sperm acrosome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245: 658\u2013665","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29108","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.244905","volume":"286","author":"B Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee B, Park I, Jin S, Choi H, Kwon JT, Kim J, Jeong J, Cho BN, Eddy EM, Cho C (2011) Impaired spermatogenesis and fertility in mice carrying a mutation in the Spink2 gene expressed predominantly in testes. J Biol Chem 286: 29108\u201329117","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0865-5","volume":"69","author":"WW Li","year":"2012","unstructured":"Li WW, Li J, Bao JK (2012) Microautophagy: lesser\u2010known self\u2010eating. Cell Mol Life Sci 69: 1125\u20131136","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod48.2.340","volume":"48","author":"DY Liu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Liu DY, Baker HW (1993) Inhibition of acrosin activity with a trypsin inhibitor blocks human sperm penetration of the zona pellucida. Biol Reprod 48: 340\u2013348","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-015-0445-y","volume":"32","author":"E Maor\u2010Sagie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maor\u2010Sagie E, Cinnamon Y, Yaacov B, Shaag A, Goldsmidt H, Zenvirt S, Laufer N, Richler C, Frumkin A (2015) Deleterious mutation in SYCE1 is associated with non\u2010obstructive azoospermia. J Assist Reprod Genet 32: 887\u2013891","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2011.67","volume":"14","author":"A Massart","year":"2012","unstructured":"Massart A, Lissens W, Tournaye H, Stouffs K (2012) Genetic causes of spermatogenic failure. Asian J Androl 14: 40\u201348","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/26.2.24069","volume":"26","author":"S Meizel","year":"1978","unstructured":"Meizel S, Deamer DW (1978) The pH of the hamster sperm acrosome. J Histochem Cytochem 26: 98\u2013105","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199602)43:2<236::AID-MRD13>3.0.CO;2-1","volume":"43","author":"DA O'Brien","year":"1996","unstructured":"O'Brien DA, Welch JE, Goulding EH, Taylor AA Jr, Baba T, Hecht NB, Eddy EM (1996) Boar proacrosin expressed in spermatids of transgenic mice does not reach the acrosome and disrupts spermatogenesis. Mol Reprod Dev 43: 236\u2013247","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastro.2005.05.057","volume":"129","author":"M Ohmuraya","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ohmuraya M, Hirota M, Araki M, Mizushima N, Matsui M, Mizumoto T, Haruna K, Kume S, Takeya M, Ogawa M et\u00a0al (2005) Autophagic cell death of pancreatic acinar cells in serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 3\u2010deficient mice. Gastroenterology 129: 696\u2013705","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00126","volume":"3","author":"M Ohmuraya","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ohmuraya M, Sugano A, Hirota M, Takaoka Y, Yamamura K (2012) Role of intrapancreatic SPINK1\/Spink3 expression in the development of pancreatitis. Front Physiol 3: 126","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5581","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv290","volume":"24","author":"O Okutman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Okutman O, Muller J, Baert Y, Serdarogullari M, Gultomruk M, Piton A, Rombaut C, Benkhalifa M, Teletin M, Skory V et\u00a0al (2015) Exome sequencing reveals a nonsense mutation in TEX15 causing spermatogenic\u00a0failure in a Turkish family. Hum Mol Genet 24: 5581\u20135588","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.077982","volume":"139","author":"V Pierre","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pierre V, Martinez G, Coutton C, Delaroche J, Yassine S, Novella C, Pernet\u2010Gallay K, Hennebicq S, Ray PF, Arnoult C (2012) Absence of Dpy19l2, a new inner nuclear membrane protein, causes globozoospermia in mice by preventing the anchoring of the acrosome to the nucleus. Development 139: 2955\u20132965","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20031825","volume":"378","author":"ND Rawlings","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rawlings ND, Tolle DP, Barrett AJ (2004) Evolutionary families of peptidase inhibitors. Biochem J 378: 705\u2013716","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-015-1616-5","volume":"308","author":"L Redelfs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Redelfs L, Fischer J, Weber C, Wu Z, Meyer\u2010Hoffert U (2016) The serine protease inhibitor of Kazal\u2010type 9 (SPINK9) is expressed in lichen simplex chronicus, actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol Res 308: 133\u2013137","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2011.579150","volume":"44","author":"A Rivinoja","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rivinoja A, Pujol FM, Hassinen A, Kellokumpu S (2012) Golgi pH, its regulation and roles in human disease. Ann Med 44: 542\u2013554","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2957","volume":"32","author":"SEQC\/MAQC\u2010III Consortium","year":"2014","unstructured":"SEQC\/MAQC\u2010III Consortium (2014) A comprehensive assessment of RNA\u2010seq accuracy, reproducibility and information content by the Sequencing Quality Control Consortium. Nat Biotechnol 32: 903\u2013914","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361590","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/361590","volume":"2014","author":"SC Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor SC, Posch A (2014) The design of a quantitative western blot experiment. Biomed Res Int 2014: 361590","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01087.x","volume":"34","author":"F Tuttelmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tuttelmann F, Werny F, Cooper TG, Kliesch S, Simoni M, Nieschlag E (2011) Clinical experience with azoospermia: aetiology and chances for spermatozoa detection upon biopsy. Int J Androl 34: 291\u2013298","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt822","volume":"21","author":"DM Valenzuela","year":"2003","unstructured":"Valenzuela DM, Murphy AJ, Frendewey D, Gale NW, Economides AN, Auerbach W, Poueymirou WT, Adams NC, Rojas J, Yasenchak J et\u00a0al (2003) High\u2010throughput engineering of the mouse genome coupled with high\u2010resolution expression analysis. Nat Biotechnol 21: 652\u2013659","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/76088","volume":"25","author":"H Witt","year":"2000","unstructured":"Witt H, Luck W, Hennies HC, Classen M, Kage A, Lass U, Landt O, Becker M (2000) Mutations in the gene encoding the serine protease inhibitor, Kazal type 1 are associated with chronic pancreatitis. Nat Genet 25: 213\u2013216","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31418","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.116418","volume":"285","author":"W Yan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yan W, Si Y, Slaymaker S, Li J, Zheng H, Young DL, Aslanian A, Saunders L, Verdin E, Charo IF (2010) Zmynd15 encodes a histone deacetylase\u2010dependent transcriptional repressor essential for spermiogenesis and male fertility. J Biol Chem 285: 31418\u201331426","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201404967","volume":"7","author":"F Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang F, Silber S, Leu NA, Oates RD, Marszalek JD, Skaletsky H, Brown LG, Rozen S, Page DC, Wang PJ (2015) TEX11 is mutated in infertile men with azoospermia and regulates genome\u2010wide recombination rates in mouse. EMBO Mol Med 7: 1198\u20131210","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118698","volume":"10","author":"S Yassine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yassine S, Escoffier J, Nahed RA, Pierre V, Karaouzene T, Ray PF, Arnoult C (2015) Dynamics of Sun5 localization during spermatogenesis in wild type and Dpy19l2 knock\u2010out mice indicates that Sun5 is not involved in acrosome attachment to the nuclear envelope. PLoS One 10: e0118698","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406192","volume":"372","author":"AN Yatsenko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yatsenko AN, Georgiadis AP, Ropke A, Berman AJ, Jaffe T, Olszewska M, Westernstroer B, Sanfilippo J, Kurpisz M, Rajkovic A et\u00a0al (2015) X\u2010linked TEX11 mutations, meiotic arrest, and azoospermia in infertile men. N Engl J Med 372: 2097\u20132107","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(01)00080-8","volume":"54","author":"A Zahn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zahn A, Furlong LI, Biancotti JC, Ghiringhelli PD, Marijn\u2010Briggiler CI, Vazquez\u2010Levin MH (2002) Evaluation of the proacrosin\/acrosin system and its mechanism of activation in human sperm extracts. J Reprod Immunol 54: 43\u201363","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201607461_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.113936","volume":"141","author":"T Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang T, Murphy MW, Gearhart MD, Bardwell VJ, Zarkower D (2014) The mammalian Doublesex homolog DMRT6 coordinates the transition between mitotic and meiotic developmental programs during spermatogenesis. Development 141: 3662\u20133671","journal-title":"Development"}],"container-title":["EMBO Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.201607461.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.15252\/emmm.201607461","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.15252\/emmm.201607461\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.embopress.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.201607461","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.201607461.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:18:48Z","timestamp":1779085128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.15252\/emmm.201607461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["BFEMMM201607461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/emmm.201607461","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-4676","1757-4684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-4676","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-4684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2016","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 April 2017","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 April 2017","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 May 2017","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}