{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T08:44:57Z","timestamp":1783241097741,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI132359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI132359"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR069502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR069502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AR073665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR073665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AR073924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AR073924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015283","name":"Bloomberg Philanthropies","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015283","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EMBO Mol Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Malaria infection starts with the injection of\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    sporozoites into the host\u2019s skin. Sporozoites are motile and move in the skin to find and enter blood vessels to be carried to the liver. Here, we present the first characterization of\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    sporozoites\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , analyzing their motility in mouse skin and human skin xenografts and comparing their motility to two rodent malaria species. These data suggest that in contrast to the liver and blood stages, the skin is not a species\u2010specific barrier for\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Indeed,\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    sporozoites enter blood vessels in mouse skin at similar rates to the rodent malaria parasites. Furthermore, we demonstrate that antibodies targeting sporozoites significantly impact the motility of\n                    <jats:italic>P.\u00a0falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    sporozoites in mouse skin. Though the sporozoite stage is a validated vaccine target, vaccine trials have been hampered by the lack of good animal models for human malaria parasites. Pre\u2010clinical screening of next\u2010generation vaccines would be significantly aided by the\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    platform we describe here, expediting down\u2010selection of candidates prior to human vaccine trials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201911796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T05:18:07Z","timestamp":1616390287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Comparative intravital imaging of human and rodent malaria sporozoites reveals the skin is not a species\u2010specific barrier"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0528-9531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine S","family":"Hopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachie","family":"Kanatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan K","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin K","family":"Chiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lloyd S","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2954-7547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Photini","family":"Sinnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0254-z","volume":"3","author":"E Aliprandini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aliprandini E, Tavares J, Panatieri RH, Thiberge S, Yamamoto MM, Silvie O, Ishino T, Yuda M, Dartevelle S, Traincard F et al (2018) Cytotoxic anti\u2010circumsporozoite antibodies target malaria sporozoites in the host skin. Nat Microbiol 3: 1224\u20131233","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1350","volume":"12","author":"R Amino","year":"2006","unstructured":"Amino R, Thiberge S, Martin B, Celli S, Shorte S, Frischknecht F, M\u00e9nard R (2006) Quantitative imaging of Plasmodium transmission from mosquito to mammal. Nat Med 12: 220\u2013224","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.120","volume":"2","author":"R Amino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Amino R, Thiberge S, Blazquez S, Baldacci P, Renaud O, Shorte S, M\u00e9nard R (2007) Imaging malaria sporozoites in the dermis of the mammalian host. Nat Protoc 2: 1705\u20131712","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2638","volume":"9","author":"JB Beltman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Beltman JB, Mar\u00e9e AFM, de Boer RJ (2009) Analysing immune cell migration. Nat Rev Immunol 9(11): 789\u2013798.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(96)02574-1","volume":"77","author":"MR Briones","year":"1996","unstructured":"Briones MR, Tsuji M, Nussenzweig V (1996) The large difference in infectivity for mice of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites cannot be correlated with their ability to enter into hepatocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 77: 7\u201317","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2075","volume":"9","author":"F de Chaumont","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Chaumont F, Dallongeville S, Chenouard N, Herv\u00e9 N, Pop S, Provoost T, Meas\u2010Yedid V, Pankajakshan P, Lecomte T, Le Montagner Y et al (2012) Icy: an open bioimage informatics platform for extended reproducible research. Nat Meth 9: 690\u2013696","journal-title":"Nat Meth"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1586","volume":"37","author":"Y Chudnovsky","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chudnovsky Y, Adams AE, Robbins PB, Lin Q, Khavari PA (2005) Use of human tissue to assess the oncogenic activity of melanoma\u2010associated mutations. Nat Genet 37: 745\u2013749","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR8","first-page":"1199","volume":"19","author":"IA Cockburn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cockburn IA, Seder RA (2018) Malaria prevention: from immunological concepts to effective vaccines and protective antibodies. Nature Publishing Group 19: 1199\u20131211","journal-title":"Nature Publishing Group"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101488","volume":"208","author":"A Coppi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Coppi A, Natarajan R, Pradel G, Bennett BL, James ER, Roggero MA, Corradin G, Persson C, Tewari R, Sinnis P (2011) The malaria circumsporozoite protein has two functional domains, each with distinct roles as sporozoites journey from mosquito to mammalian host. J Exp Med. 208: 341\u2013356","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040989","volume":"201","author":"A Coppi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coppi A, Pinzon\u2010Ortiz C, Hutter C, Sinnis P (2005) The Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein is proteolytically processed during cell invasion. J Exp Med. 201: 27\u201333","journal-title":"J Exp Med."},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2469-0","volume":"17","author":"RG Douglas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Douglas RG, Reinig M, Neale M, Frischknecht F (2018) Screening for potential prophylactics targeting sporozoite motility through the skin. Malar J 17: 319\u2013410","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002725","volume":"8","author":"I Ejigiri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ejigiri I, Ragheb DRT, Pino P, Coppi A, Bennett BL, Soldati\u2010Favre D, Sinnis P (2012) Shedding of TRAP by a rhomboid protease from the malaria sporozoite surface is essential for gliding motility and sporozoite infectivity. PLoS Pathog. 8: e1002725","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00461-13","volume":"81","author":"DA Espinosa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Espinosa DA, Yadava A, Angov E, Maurizio PL, Ockenhouse CF, Zavala F (2013) Development of a chimeric Plasmodium berghei strain expressing the repeat region of the P.\u00a0vivax circumsporozoite protein for in vivo evaluation of vaccine efficacy. Infect. Immun. 81: 2882\u20132887","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02194-18","volume":"9","author":"Y Flores\u2010Garcia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Flores\u2010Garcia Y, Nasir G, Hopp CS, Munoz C, Balaban AE, Zavala F, Sinnis P (2018) Antibody\u2010mediated protection against Plasmodium sporozoites begins at the dermal inoculation site. MBio 9: 96","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI70349","volume":"124","author":"L Foquet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Foquet L, Hermsen CC, van Gemert G\u2010J, Van Braeckel E, Weening KE, Sauerwein R, Meuleman P, Leroux\u2010Roels G (2014) Vaccine\u2010induced monoclonal antibodies targeting circumsporozoite protein prevent Plasmodium falciparum infection. J Clin Invest 124: 140\u2013144","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2013.07.009","volume":"63","author":"P Formaglio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Formaglio P, Tavares J, M\u00e9nard R, Amino R (2014) Loss of host cell plasma membrane integrity following cell traversal by Plasmodium sporozoites in the skin. Parasitol Int 63: 237\u2013244","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR17","volume":"7","author":"JK Hellmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hellmann JK, M\u00fcnter S, Kudryashev M, Schulz S, Heiss K, M\u00fcller A\u2010K, Matuschewski K, Spatz JP, Schwarz US, Frischknecht F (2011) Environmental constraints guide migration of malaria parasites during transmission. PloS Pathog. 7: e1002080","journal-title":"PloS Pathog."},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.8.1205","volume":"192","author":"M Ho","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ho M, Hickey MJ, Murray AG, Andonegui G, Kubes P (2000) Visualization of Plasmodium falciparum\u2010endothelium interactions in human microvasculature: mimicry of leukocyte recruitment. J. Exp. Med. 192: 1205\u20131211","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.132.2.909","volume":"132","author":"MR Hollingdale","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hollingdale MR, Nardin EH, Tharavanij S, Schwartz AL, Nussenzweig RS (1984) Inhibition of entry of Plasmodium falciparum and P.\u00a0vivax sporozoites into cultured cells; an in vitro assay of protective antibodies. J. Immunol. 132: 909\u2013913","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR20","volume":"4","author":"CS Hopp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hopp CS, Chiou K, Ragheb DR, Salman A, Khan SM, Liu AJ, Sinnis P (2015) Longitudinal analysis of Plasmodium sporozoite motility in the dermis reveals component of blood vessel recognition. Elife 4: e07789","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12661","volume":"1342","author":"CS Hopp","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hopp CS, Sinnis P (2015) The innate and adaptive response to mosquito saliva and Plasmodium sporozoites in the skin. Ann NY Acad Sci 1342: 37\u201343","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.53","volume":"1","author":"CJ Janse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Janse CJ, Ramesar J, Waters AP (2006) High\u2010efficiency transfection and drug selection of genetically transformed blood stages of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Nat Protoc 1: 346\u2013356","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12283","volume":"16","author":"A Kan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kan A, Tan Y\u2010H, Angrisano F, Hanssen E, Rogers KL, Whitehead L, Mollard VP, Cozijnsen A, Delves MJ, Crawford S et al (2014) Quantitative analysis of Plasmodium ookinete motion in three\u2010dimensions suggests a critical role for cell shape in the biomechanics of malaria parasite gliding motility. Cell Microbiol 16: 734\u2013750","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.8.2529-2534.1991","volume":"59","author":"ZM Khan","year":"1991","unstructured":"Khan ZM, Vanderberg JP (1991) Role of host cellular response in differential susceptibility of nonimmunized BALB\/c mice to Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites. Infect Immun 59: 2529\u20132534","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1827210","volume":"252","author":"S Khusmith","year":"1991","unstructured":"Khusmith S, Charoenvit Y, Kumar S, Sedegah M, Beaudoin RL, Hoffman SL (1991) Protection against malaria by vaccination with sporozoite surface protein 2 plus CS protein. Science 252: 715\u2013718","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4512","volume":"24","author":"NK Kisalu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kisalu NK, Idris AH, Weidle C, Flores\u2010Garcia Y, Flynn BJ, Sack BK, Murphy S, Scho NA, Freire E, Francica JR et al (2018) A human monoclonal antibody prevents malaria infection by targeting a new site of vulnerability on the parasite. Nat Med 24: 408\u2013416","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR27","volume":"6","author":"J\u2010W Lin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lin J\u2010W, Annoura T, Sajid M, Chevalley\u2010Maurel S, Ramesar J, Klop O, Franke\u2010Fayard BMD, Janse CJ, Khan SM (2011) A novel \u2018gene insertion\/marker out\u2019 (GIMO) method for transgene expression and gene complementation in rodent malaria parasites. PLoS One 6: e29289","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2016.04.006","volume":"32","author":"CA Long","year":"2016","unstructured":"Long CA, Zavala F (2016) Malaria vaccines and human immune responses. Curr Opin Microbiol 32: 96\u2013102","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49348-x","volume":"9","author":"KJ McLean","year":"2019","unstructured":"McLean KJ, Straimer J, Hopp CS, Vega\u2010Rodriguez J, Small\u2010Saunders JL, Kanatani S, Tripathi A, Mlambo G, Dumoulin PC, Harris CT et al (2019) Generation of transmission\u2010competent human malaria parasites with chromosomally\u2010integrated fluorescent reporters. Sci Rep 9: 13131","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4363","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4363-4369.2005","volume":"73","author":"DL Medica","year":"2005","unstructured":"Medica DL, Sinnis P (2005) Quantitative dynamics of Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite transmission by infected anopheline mosquitoes. Infect. Immun. 73: 4363\u20134369","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00807","volume":"9","author":"NK Minkah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Minkah NK, Schafer C, Kappe SHI (2018) Humanized mouse models for the study of human malaria parasite biology, pathogenesis, and immunity. Front Immunol 9: 807","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1297-3","volume":"15","author":"M Mizutani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mizutani M, Fukumoto S, Soubeiga AP, Soga A, Iyori M, Yoshida S (2016) Development of a Plasmodium berghei transgenic parasite expressing the full\u2010length Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite VK247 protein for testing vaccine efficacy in a murine model. Malar J 15: 251","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9146","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.19.9146","volume":"91","author":"AG Murray","year":"1994","unstructured":"Murray AG, Petzelbauer P, Hughes CC, Costa J, Askenase P, Pober JS (1994) Human T\u2010cell\u2010mediated destruction of allogeneic dermal microvessels in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 9146\u20139150","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2017.12.016","volume":"90","author":"Y Nakamura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nakamura Y, Fujisawa Y, Okiyama N, Watanabe R, Tanaka R, Ishitsuka Y, Tahara H, Fujimoto M (2018) Surgical damage to the lymphatic system promotes tumor growth via impaired adaptive immune response. J Dermatol Sci 90: 46\u201351","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.156.1.20","volume":"156","author":"EH Nardin","year":"1982","unstructured":"Nardin EH, Nussenzweig V, Nussenzweig RS, Collins WE, Harinasuta KT, Tapchaisri P, Chomcharn Y (1982) Circumsporozoite proteins of human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. J Exp Med 156: 20\u201330","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-103","volume":"11","author":"RY Orr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Orr RY, Philip N, Waters AP (2012) Improved negative selection protocol for Plasmodium berghei in the rodent malarial model. Malar J 11: 103","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00066-13","volume":"20","author":"MD Porter","year":"2013","unstructured":"Porter MD, Nicki J, Pool CD, DeBot M, Illam RM, Brando C, Bozick B, De La Vega P, Angra D, Spaccapelo R et al (2013) Transgenic parasites stably expressing full\u2010length Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein as a model for vaccine down\u2010selection in mice using sterile protection as an endpoint. Clin Vaccine Immunol 20: 803\u2013810","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR38","volume":"11","author":"RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership","year":"2014","unstructured":"RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership (2014) Efficacy and safety of the RTS,S\/AS01 malaria vaccine during 18 months after vaccination: a phase 3 randomized, controlled trial in children and young infants at 11 African sites. PLoS Medicine 11: e1001685","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-017-0028-2","volume":"2","author":"BK Sack","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sack BK, Mikolajczak SA, Fishbaugher M, Vaughan AM, Flannery EL, Nguyen T, Betz W, Navarro MJ, Foquet L, Steel RWJ et al (2017) Humoral protection against mosquito bite\u2010transmitted Plasmodium falciparum infection in humanized mice. NPJ Vaccines 2: 27","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2017.09.004","volume":"98","author":"G Salgado","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salgado G, Ng YZ, Koh LF, Goh CSM, Common JE (2017) Human reconstructed skin xenografts on mice to model skin physiology. Differentiation 98: 14\u201324","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019","volume":"9","author":"J Schindelin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schindelin J, Arganda\u2010Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, Preibisch S, Rueden C, Saalfeld S, Schmid B et al (2012) Fiji: an open\u2010source platform for biological\u2010image analysis. Nat Meth 9: 676\u2013682","journal-title":"Nat Meth"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.10.005","volume":"37","author":"O Silvie","year":"2007","unstructured":"Silvie O, Franetich J\u2010F, Boucheix C, Rubinstein E, Mazier D (2007) Alternative invasion pathways for Plasmodium berghei sporozoites. Int J Parasitol 37: 173\u2013182","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0345-5","volume":"34","author":"P Sinnis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sinnis P, Zavala F (2012) The skin: where malaria infection and the host immune response begin. Semin Immunopathol 34(6): 787\u2013792.","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042617-053301","volume":"37","author":"J Tan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tan J, Piccoli L, Lanzavecchia A (2019) The antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum: cues for vaccine design and the discovery of receptor\u2010based antibodies. Annu Rev Immunol 37: 225\u2013246","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03693.x","volume":"21","author":"JP Vanderberg","year":"1974","unstructured":"Vanderberg JP (1974) Studies on the motility of Plasmodium sporozoites. J Protozool 21: 527\u2013537","journal-title":"J Protozool"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.05.005","volume":"34","author":"JP Vanderberg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vanderberg JP, Frevert U (2004) Intravital microscopy demonstrating antibody\u2010mediated immobilisation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites injected into skin by mosquitoes. Int J Parasitol 34: 991\u2013996","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(90)90088-8","volume":"25","author":"WR Weiss","year":"1990","unstructured":"Weiss WR (1990) Host\u2010parasite interactions and immunity to irradiated sporozoites. Immunol Lett 25: 39\u201342","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49895-3","volume":"9","author":"BMF Winkel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Winkel BMF, de Korne CM, van Oosterom MN, Staphorst D, Meijhuis M, Baalbergen E, Ganesh MS, Dechering KJ, Vos MW, Chevalley\u2010Maurel SC et al (2019) Quantification of wild\u2010type and radiation attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite motility in human skin. Sci Rep 9: 13436","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR49","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018) World malaria report 2018: 1\u2013210"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187659","volume":"329","author":"X Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu X, Yang Z\u2010Y, Li Y, Hogerkorp C\u2010M, Schief WR, Seaman MS, Zhou T, Schmidt SD, Wu L, Xu L et al (2010) Rational design of envelope identifies broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to HIV\u20101. Science 329: 856\u2013861","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00861.x","volume":"9","author":"LM Yamauchi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamauchi LM, Coppi A, Snounou G, Sinnis P (2007) Plasmodium sporozoites trickle out of the injection site. Cell Microbiol 9: 1215\u20131222","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2020.04.012","volume":"140","author":"C Youn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Youn C, Archer NK, Miller LS (2020) Research techniques made simple: mouse bacterial skin infection models for immunity research. J Invest Dermatol 140: 1488\u20131497","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"BFEMMM201911796_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1248-z","volume":"15","author":"M Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang M, Kaneko I, Tsao T, Mitchell R, Nardin EH, Iwanaga S, Yuda M, Tsuji M (2016) A highly infectious Plasmodium yoelii parasite, bearing Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Malar J 15: 201","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["EMBO Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.201911796.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.15252\/emmm.201911796","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.15252\/emmm.201911796\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.embopress.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.201911796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.201911796.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:34:21Z","timestamp":1779086061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.15252\/emmm.201911796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,9]]}},"alternative-id":["BFEMMM201911796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/emmm.201911796","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.739793490.793591800","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1757-4676","1757-4684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-4676","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-4684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"L. S. M. is a full\u2010time employee of Janssen Pharmaceuticals (a Johnson & Johnson Company) and holds Johnson & Johnson stock. L. S. M. performed all work at his prior affiliation at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and he has received prior grant support from AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, and Moderna Therapeutics, was a paid consultant for Armirall and Janssen Research and Development, was on the scientific advisory board of Integrated Biotherapeutics and is a shareholder of Noveome Biotherapeutics, which are all developing therapeutics against infections and\/or inflammatory conditions.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"EMMM201911796"}}