{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:12:29Z","timestamp":1790770349119,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"INFECT-ERA 2016","award":["INFECT-ERA 2016 ToRRENT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INFECT-ERA 2016 ToRRENT"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16-IFEC-0006-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-IFEC-0006-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IZSVe RC 08\/09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZSVe RC 08\/09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019650","name":"VIR Biotechnology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019650","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EMBO Mol Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rabies is a neglected disease caused by a neurotropic Lyssavirus, transmitted to humans predominantly by the bite of infected dogs. Rabies is preventable with vaccines or proper post\u2010exposure prophylaxis (PEP), but it still causes about 60,000 deaths every year. No cure exists after the onset of clinical signs, and the case\u2010fatality rate approaches 100% even with advanced supportive care. Here, we report that a combination of two potent neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies directed against the viral envelope glycoprotein cures symptomatic rabid mice. Treatment efficacy requires the concomitant administration of antibodies in the periphery and in the central nervous system through intracerebroventricular infusion. After such treatment, recovered mice presented good clinical condition, viral loads were undetectable, and the brain inflammatory profile was almost normal. Our findings provide the unprecedented proof of concept of an antibody\u2010based therapeutic approach for symptomatic rabies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]],"date-time":"2020-09-18T05:03:11Z","timestamp":1600405391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["A combination of two human monoclonal antibodies cures symptomatic rabies"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0747-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Dias","family":"de Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4777-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Sonthonnax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Lepousez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9gory","family":"Jouvion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Minola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizia","family":"Zatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Larrous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauriane","family":"Kergoat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Mazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carine","family":"Moigneu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Salomoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Brisebard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6760-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"De Benedictis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4046-7222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Corti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2608-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Bourhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41105-4","volume":"9","author":"CR Andersson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Andersson CR, Falsig J, Stavenhagen JB, Christensen S, Kartberg F, Rosenqvist N, Finsen B, Pedersen JT (2019) Antibody\u2010mediated clearance of tau in primary mouse microglial cultures requires Fc\u03b3\u2010receptor binding and functional lysosomes. Sci Rep 9: 4658","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e839","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000839","volume":"4","author":"H Bourhy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bourhy H, Dautry\u2010Varsat A, Hotez PJ, Salomon J (2010) Rabies, still neglected after 125 years of vaccination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: e839","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30311-1","volume":"19","author":"T Cantaert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cantaert T, Borand L, Kergoat L, Leng C, Ung S, In S, Peng Y, Phoeun C, Hing C, Taing CN et\u00a0al (2019) A 1\u2010week intradermal dose\u2010sparing regimen for rabies post\u2010exposure prophylaxis (RESIST\u20102): an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 19: 1355\u20131362","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41889","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41889","volume":"7","author":"P Chauhan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chauhan P, Hu S, Sheng WS, Prasad S, Lokensgard JR (2017) Modulation of microglial cell Fc\u03b3 receptor expression following viral brain infection. Sci Rep 7: 41889","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2075","volume":"9","author":"F de Chaumont","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Chaumont F, Dallongeville S, Chenouard N, Herv\u00e9 N, Pop S, Provoost T, Meas\u2010Yedid V, Pankajakshan P, Lecomte T, Le Montagner Y et\u00a0al (2012) Icy: an open bioimage informatics platform for extended reproducible research. Nat Methods 9: 690\u2013696","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.10.022","volume":"67","author":"JL Cohen\u2010Pfeffer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen\u2010Pfeffer JL, Gururangan S, Lester T, Lim DA, Shaywitz AJ, Westphal M, Slavc I (2017) Intracerebroventricular delivery as a safe, long\u2010term route of drug administration. Pediatr Neurol 67: 23\u201335","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35452","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.491001","volume":"288","author":"EE Congdon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Congdon EE, Gu J, Sait HBR, Sigurdsson EM (2013) Antibody uptake into neurons occurs primarily via clathrin\u2010dependent Fc\u03b3 receptor endocytosis and is a prerequisite for acute tau protein clearance. J Biol Chem 288: 35452\u201335465","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2174\/187152611795768079","volume":"11","author":"L Dacheux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dacheux L, Delmas O, Bourhy H (2011) Human rabies encephalitis prevention and treatment: progress since Pasteur's discovery. Infect Disord Drug Targets 11: 251\u2013299","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201505986","volume":"8","author":"P De Benedictis","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Benedictis P, Minola A, Rota Nodari E, Aiello R, Zecchin B, Salomoni A, Foglierini M, Agatic G, Vanzetta F, Lavenir R et\u00a0al (2016) Development of broad\u2010spectrum human monoclonal antibodies for rabies post\u2010exposure prophylaxis. EMBO Mol Med 8: 407\u2013421","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-04983-5","volume":"46","author":"C Duma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duma C, Kopyov O, Kopyov A, Berman M, Lander E, Elam M, Arata M, Weiland D, Cannell R, Caraway C et\u00a0al (2019) Human intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of autologous, non\u2010engineered, adipose\u2010derived stromal vascular fraction (ADSVF) for neurodegenerative disorders: results of a 3\u2010year phase 1 study of 113 injections in 31 patients. Mol Biol Rep 46: 5257\u20135272","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR11","first-page":"880","volume":"20","author":"BM Geiger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Geiger BM, Frank LE, Caldera\u2010Siu AD, Pothos EN (2008) Survivable stereotaxic surgery in rodents. J Vis Exp 20: 880","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2375","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002375","volume":"7","author":"CW Gnanadurai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gnanadurai CW, Zhou M, He W, Leyson CM, Huang CT, Salyards G, Harvey SB, Chen Z, He B, Yang Y et\u00a0al (2013) Presence of virus neutralizing antibodies in cerebral spinal fluid correlates with non\u2010lethal rabies in dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2375","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix791","volume":"66","author":"NJ Gogtay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gogtay NJ, Munshi R, Ashwath Narayana DH, Mahendra BJ, Kshirsagar V, Gunale B, Moore S, Cheslock P, Thaker S, Deshpande S et\u00a0al (2018) Comparison of a novel human rabies monoclonal antibody to human rabies immunoglobulin for postexposure prophylaxis: a phase 2\/3, randomized, single\u2010blind, noninferiority, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis 66: 387\u2013395","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003709","volume":"9","author":"K Hampson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hampson K, Coudeville L, Lembo T, Sambo M, Kieffer A, Attlan M, Barrat J, Blanton JD, Briggs DJ, Cleaveland S et\u00a0al (2015) Estimating the global burden of endemic canine rabies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9: e0003709","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14398-7","volume":"11","author":"J Hellert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hellert J, Buchrieser J, Larrous F, Minola A, de Melo GD, Soriaga L, England P, Haouz A, Telenti A, Schwartz O et\u00a0al (2020) Structure of the prefusion\u2010locking broadly neutralizing antibody RVC20 bound to the rabies virus glycoprotein. Nat Commun 11: 596","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00612-10","volume":"48","author":"B Hoffmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoffmann B, Freuling CM, Wakeley PR, Rasmussen TB, Leech S, Fooks AR, Beer M, M\u00fcller T (2010) Improved safety for molecular diagnosis of classical rabies viruses by use of a TaqMan real\u2010time reverse transcription\u2010PCR \u201cdouble check\u201d strategy. J Clin Microbiol 48: 3970\u20133978","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e535","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000535","volume":"3","author":"DC Hooper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hooper DC, Phares TW, Fabis MJ, Roy A (2009) The production of antibody by invading B cells is required for the clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e535","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.07.013","volume":"110","author":"C\u2010T Huang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Huang C\u2010T, Li Z, Huang Y, Zhang G, Zhou M, Chai Q, Wu H, Fu ZF (2014) Enhancement of blood\u2010brain barrier permeability is required for intravenously administered virus neutralizing antibodies to clear an established rabies virus infection from the brain and prevent the development of rabies in mice. Antiviral Res 110: 132\u2013141","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00065","volume":"14","author":"KW Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang KW, Sabatini BL (2020) Single\u2010cell analysis of neuroinflammatory responses following intracranial injection of G\u2010deleted rabies viruses. Front Cell Neurosci 14: 65","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21785","volume":"82","author":"M Hunter","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hunter M, Johnson N, Hedderwick S, McCaughey C, Lowry K, McConville J, Herron B, McQuaid S, Marston D, Goddard T et\u00a0al (2010) Immunovirological correlates in human rabies treated with therapeutic coma. J Med Virol 82: 1255\u20131265","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.37.2.2825","volume":"37","author":"AC Jackson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jackson AC (2018) Rabies: a medical perspective. Rev Sci Tech 37: 569\u2013580","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09743.x","volume":"20","author":"BJ Jones","year":"1968","unstructured":"Jones BJ, Roberts DJ (1968) The quantitative measurement of motor inco\u2010ordination in naive mice using an accelerating rotarod. J Pharm Pharmacol 20: 302\u2013304","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kansagra K, Parmar D, Mendiratta SK, Patel J, Joshi S, Sharma N, Parihar A, Bhoge S, Patel H, Kalita P et\u00a0al (2019) A Phase 3, Randomised, Open\u2010Label, Non\u2010Inferiority Trial Evaluating Anti\u2010Rabies Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail (Twinrab TM) Against Human Rabies Immunoglobulin (HRIG). Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract\u00a0=\u00a03463307 or https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3463307","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3463307"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR24","first-page":"18","volume":"25","author":"S L\u00ea","year":"2008","unstructured":"L\u00ea S, Josse J, Husson F (2008) FactoMineR: an R package for multivariate analysis. J Stat Softw 25: 18","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","volume":"29","author":"MW Pfaffl","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pfaffl MW (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real\u2010time RT\u2010PCR. Nucleic Acids Res 29: e45","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.08.013","volume":"464","author":"Y Quan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Quan Y, M\u00f6ller T, Weinstein JR (2009) Regulation of Fcgamma receptors and immunoglobulin G\u2010mediated phagocytosis in mouse microglia. Neurosci Lett 464: 29\u201333","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR27","volume-title":"Laboratory techniques in rabies","author":"CE Rupprecht","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rupprecht CE, Fooks AR, Abela\u2010Ridder B (2018) Laboratory techniques in rabies. Geneva: World Health Organization"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01296","volume":"10","author":"KO Saunders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saunders KO (2019) Conceptual approaches to modulating antibody effector functions and circulation half\u2010life. Front Immunol 10: 1296","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2018.05.003","volume":"124","author":"I Slavc","year":"2018","unstructured":"Slavc I, Cohen\u2010Pfeffer JL, Gururangan S, Krauser J, Lim DA, Maldaun M, Schwering C, Shaywitz AJ, Westphal M (2018) Best practices for the use of intracerebroventricular drug delivery devices. Mol Genet Metab 124: 184\u2013188","journal-title":"Mol Genet Metab"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001269","volume":"100","author":"SP Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith SP, Wu G, Fooks AR, Ma J, Banyard AC (2019) Trying to treat the untreatable: experimental approaches to clear rabies virus infection from the CNS. J Gen Virol 100: 1171\u20131186","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48507-4","volume":"9","author":"F Sonthonnax","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sonthonnax F, Besson B, Bonnaud E, Jouvion G, Merino D, Larrous F, Bourhy H (2019) Lyssavirus matrix protein cooperates with phosphoprotein to modulate the Jak\u2010Stat pathway. Sci Rep 9: 12171","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.02.013","volume":"339","author":"A de Souza","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Souza A, Madhusudana SN (2014) Survival from rabies encephalitis. J Neurol Sci 339: 8\u201314","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.11.004","volume":"37","author":"E Sparrow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sparrow E, Torvaldsen S, Newall AT, Wood JG, Sheikh M, Kieny MP, Abela\u2010Ridder B (2019) Recent advances in the development of monoclonal antibodies for rabies post exposure prophylaxis: a review of the current status of the clinical development pipeline. Vaccine 37(Suppl 1): A132\u2013A139","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107073199","volume":"21","author":"SC Stanford","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stanford SC (2007) The Open Field Test: reinventing the wheel. J Psychopharmacol 21: 134\u2013135","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf8505","volume":"353","author":"K Stettler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stettler K, Beltramello M, Espinosa DA, Graham V, Cassotta A, Bianchi S, Vanzetta F, Minola A, Jaconi S, Mele F et\u00a0al (2016) Specificity, cross\u2010reactivity, and function of antibodies elicited by Zika virus infection. Science 353: 823\u2013826","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR36","first-page":"5","volume":"2","author":"A Tarantola","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tarantola A (2017) Four thousand years of concepts relating to rabies in animals and humans, its prevention and its cure. Trop Med Infect Dis 2: 5","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000420","volume":"31","author":"G Ugolini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ugolini G, Hemachudha T (2018) Rabies: changing prophylaxis and new insights in pathophysiology. Curr Opin Infect Dis 31: 93\u2013101","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR38","first-page":"201","volume":"93","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"WHO (2018) Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper \u2013 April 2018. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 93: 201\u2013220","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050382","volume":"352","author":"RE Willoughby Jr","year":"2005","unstructured":"Willoughby RE Jr, Tieves KS, Hoffman GM, Ghanayem NS, Amlie\u2010Lefond CM, Schwabe MJ, Chusid MJ, Rupprecht CE (2005) Survival after treatment of rabies with induction of coma. N Engl J Med 352: 2508\u20132514","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012628_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2015.331","volume":"43","author":"FA Zeiler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zeiler FA, Jackson AC (2016) Critical appraisal of the Milwaukee protocol for rabies: this failed approach should be abandoned. Can J Neurol Sci 43: 44\u201351","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"}],"container-title":["EMBO Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.202012628.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.15252\/emmm.202012628","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.15252\/emmm.202012628\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.embopress.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.202012628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.202012628.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:33:10Z","timestamp":1779085990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.15252\/emmm.202012628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]]}},"alternative-id":["BFEMMM202012628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/emmm.202012628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-4676","1757-4684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-4676","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-4684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 August 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 September 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"D.C., F.Z., and A.M. are employees of Vir Biotechnology Inc. and hold shares in Vir Biotechnology Inc.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"EMMM202012628"}}