{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:13:11Z","timestamp":1787022791515,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&D Programme of China","award":["2017YFC1001902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC1001902"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81672124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81672124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82030054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82030054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81802124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81802124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EMBO Mol Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antisense oligonucleotide (AO)\u2010mediated exon\u2010skipping therapies show promise in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a devastating muscular disease caused by frame\u2010disrupting mutations in the\n                    <jats:italic>DMD<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. However, insufficient systemic delivery remains a hurdle to clinical deployment. Here, we demonstrate that MOTS\u2010c, a mitochondria\u2010derived bioactive peptide, with an intrinsic muscle\u2010targeting property, augmented glycolytic flux and energy production capacity of dystrophic muscles\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , resulting in enhanced phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO) uptake and activity in\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice. Long\u2010term repeated administration of MOTS\u2010c (500\u00a0\u03bcg) and PMO at the dose of 12.5\u00a0mg\/kg\/week for 3\u00a0weeks followed by 12.5\u00a0mg\/kg\/month for 3\u00a0months (PMO\u2010M) induced therapeutic levels of dystrophin expression in peripheral muscles, with up to 25\u2010fold increase in diaphragm of\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice over PMO alone. PMO\u2010M improved muscle function and pathologies in\n                    <jats:italic>mdx<\/jats:italic>\n                    mice without detectable toxicity. Our results demonstrate that MOTS\u2010c enables enhanced PMO uptake and activity in dystrophic muscles by providing energy and may have therapeutic implications for exon\u2010skipping therapeutics in DMD and other energy\u2010deficient disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T15:22:58Z","timestamp":1608304978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["MOTS\u2010c promotes phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer uptake and efficacy in dystrophic mice"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ning","family":"Ran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caorui","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Bittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong M","family":"Moulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8774-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"HaiFang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121947","volume":"10","author":"EL Bostock","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bostock EL, Edwards BT, Jacques MF, Pogson JTS, Reeves ND, Onambele\u2010Pearson GL, Morse CI (2018) Impaired glucose tolerance in adults with duchenne and becker muscular dystrophy. Nutrients 10: 1947","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR2","first-page":"e2270","volume":"94","author":"DE Frank","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frank DE, Schnell FJ, Akana C, El\u2010Husayni SH, Desjardins CA, Morgan J, Charleston JS, Sardone V, Domingos J, Dickson G et al (2020) Increased dystrophin production with golodirsen in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Neurology 94: e2270\u2013e2282","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01369-x","volume":"20","author":"H Fujii","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fujii H, Doi H, Ko T, Fukuma T, Kadono T, Asaeda K, Kobayashi R, Nakano T, Doi T, Nakatsugawa Y et al (2020) Frequently abnormal serum gamma\u2010glutamyl transferase activity is associated with future development of fatty liver: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol 20: 217","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat0195","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat0195","volume":"10","author":"X Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao X, Ran N, Dong X, Zuo B, Yang R, Zhou Q, Moulton HM, Seow Y, Yin H (2018) Anchor peptide captures, targets, and loads exosomes of diverse origins for diagnostics and therapy. Sci Transl Med 10: eaat0195","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.63","volume":"22","author":"X Gao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gao X, Zhao J, Han G, Zhang Y, Dong X, Cao L, Wang Q, Moulton HM, Yin H (2014) Effective dystrophin restoration by a novel muscle\u2010homing peptide\u2010morpholino conjugate in dystrophin\u2010deficient mdx mice. Mol Ther 22: 1333\u20131341","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00174-2","volume":"19","author":"F Geissmann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Geissmann F, Jung S, Littman DR (2003) Blood monocytes consist of two principal subsets with distinct migratory properties. Immunity 19: 71\u201382","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201607199","volume":"9","author":"C Godfrey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Godfrey C, Desviat LR, Smedsrod B, Pietri\u2010Rouxel F, Denti MA, Disterer P, Lorain S, Nogales\u2010Gadea G, Sardone V, Anwar R et al (2017) Delivery is key: lessons learnt from developing splice\u2010switching antisense therapies. EMBO Mol Med 9: 545\u2013557","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10981","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10981","volume":"7","author":"G Han","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han G, Gu B, Cao L, Gao X, Wang Q, Seow Y, Zhang N, Wood MJ, Yin H (2016) Hexose enhances oligonucleotide delivery and exon skipping in dystrophin\u2010deficient mdx mice. Nat Commun 7: 10981","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2018.06.005","volume":"12","author":"G Han","year":"2018","unstructured":"Han G, Lin C, Ning H, Gao X, Yin H (2018) Long\u2010term morpholino oligomers in hexose elicits long\u2010lasting therapeutic improvements in mdx mice. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 12: 478\u2013489","journal-title":"Mol Ther Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mt.6300006","volume":"15","author":"PL Harding","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harding PL, Fall AM, Honeyman K, Fletcher S, Wilton SD (2007) The influence of antisense oligonucleotide length on dystrophin exon skipping. Mol Ther 15: 157\u2013166","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.1.25","volume":"129","author":"RF Huang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Huang RF, Ho YH, Lin HL, Wei JS, Liu TZ (1999) Folate deficiency induces a cell cycle\u2010specific apoptosis in HepG2 cells. J Nutr 129: 25\u201331","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6518","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw236","volume":"44","author":"RL Juliano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Juliano RL (2016) The delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 44: 6518\u20136548","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164ra160","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005054","volume":"4","author":"GC Kendall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kendall GC, Mokhonova EI, Moran M, Sejbuk NE, Wang DW, Silva O, Wang RT, Martinez L, Lu QL, Damoiseaux R et al (2012) Dantrolene enhances antisense\u2010mediated exon skipping in human and mouse models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Sci Transl Med 4: 164ra160","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2017.41.2.306","volume":"41","author":"EY Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim EY, Lee JW, Suh MR, Choi WA, Kang SW, Oh HJ (2017) Correlation of serum creatine kinase level with pulmonary function in duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann Rehabil Med 41: 306\u2013312","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR15","volume":"7","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Miller B, Mehta HH, Xiao J, Wan J, Arpawong TE, Yen K, Cohen P (2019) The mitochondrial\u2010derived peptide MOTS\u2010c is a regulator of plasma metabolites and enhances insulin sensitivity. Physiol Rep 7: e14171","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.015","volume":"100","author":"C Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee C, Kim KH, Cohen P (2016) MOTS\u2010c: A novel mitochondrial\u2010derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med 100: 182\u2013187","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.02.009","volume":"21","author":"C Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, Martin\u2010Montalvo A, Wan J, Kim SJ, Mehta H, Hevener AL, de Cabo R et al (2015) The mitochondrial\u2010derived peptide MOTS\u2010c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab 21: 443\u2013454","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.03.003","volume":"28","author":"C Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin C, Han G, Ning H, Song J, Ran N, Yi X, Seow Y, Yin H (2020a) Glycine enhances satellite cell proliferation, cell transplantation, and oligonucleotide efficacy in dystrophic muscle. Mol Ther 28: 1339\u20131358","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201606372","volume":"8","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu J, Liang X, Zhou D, Lai L, Xiao L, Liu L, Fu T, Kong Y, Zhou Q, Vega RB et al (2016) Coupling of mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle fiber type by a miR\u2010499\/Fnip1\/AMPK circuit. EMBO Mol Med 8: 1212\u20131228","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-018-01738-w","volume":"97","author":"H Lu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lu H, Wei M, Zhai Y, Li Q, Ye Z, Wang L, Luo W, Chen J, Lu Z (2019) MOTS\u2010c peptide regulates adipose homeostasis to prevent ovariectomy\u2010induced metabolic dysfunction. J Mol Med (Berl) 97: 473\u2013485","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116661","volume":"92","author":"K Matsumura","year":"1993","unstructured":"Matsumura K, Tome FM, Ionasescu V, Ervasti JM, Anderson RD, Romero NB, Simon D, Recan D, Kaplan JC, Fardeau M et al (1993) Deficiency of dystrophin\u2010associated proteins in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients lacking COOH\u2010terminal domains of dystrophin. J Clin Invest 92: 866\u2013871","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0929","volume":"127","author":"HJ McMillan","year":"2011","unstructured":"McMillan HJ, Gregas M, Darras BT, Kang PB (2011) Serum transaminase levels in boys with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Pediatrics 127: e132\u2013e136","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1994.1103","volume":"162","author":"JE Morgan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Morgan JE, Beauchamp JR, Pagel CN, Peckham M, Ataliotis P, Jat PS, Noble MD, Farmer K, Partridge TA (1994) Myogenic cell lines derived from transgenic mice carrying a thermolabile T antigen: a model system for the derivation of tissue\u2010specific and mutation\u2010specific cell lines. Dev Biol 162: 486\u2013498","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0350826","volume":"35","author":"HM Moulton","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moulton HM, Fletcher S, Neuman BW, McClorey G, Stein DA, Abes S, Wilton SD, Buchmeier MJ, Lebleu B, Iversen PL (2007) Cell\u2010penetrating peptide\u2010morpholino conjugates alter pre\u2010mRNA splicing of DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) and inhibit murine coronavirus replication in vivo. Biochem Soc Trans 35: 826\u2013828","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119826","volume":"236","author":"N Ran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ran N, Gao X, Dong X, Li J, Lin C, Geng M, Yin H (2020) Effects of exosome\u2010mediated delivery of myostatin propeptide on functional recovery of mdx mice. Biomaterials 236: 119826","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867273","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/867273","volume":"2015","author":"M Rodriguez\u2010Cruz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rodriguez\u2010Cruz M, Sanchez R, Escobar RE, Cruz\u2010Guzman Odel R, Lopez\u2010Alarcon M, Bernabe Garcia M, Coral\u2010Vazquez R, Matute G, Velazquez Wong AC (2015) Evidence of insulin resistance and other metabolic alterations in boys with duchenne or becker muscular dystrophy. Int J Endocrinol 2015: 867273","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR27","first-page":"299rv4","volume":"7","author":"AS Rosenberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rosenberg AS, Puig M, Nagaraju K, Hoffman EP, Villalta SA, Rao VA, Wakefield LM, Woodcock J (2015) Immune\u2010mediated pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Sci Transl Med 7: 299rv4","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2019.55.10.3045038","volume":"55","author":"RR Roshmi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roshmi RR, Yokota T (2019) Viltolarsen for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Drugs Today (Barc) 55: 627\u2013639","journal-title":"Drugs Today (Barc)"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2010","volume":"91","author":"S Schiaffino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schiaffino S, Reggiani C (2011) Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles. Physiol Rev 91: 1447\u20131531","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8149","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206053","volume":"21","author":"LA Shchepina","year":"2002","unstructured":"Shchepina LA, Pletjushkina OY, Avetisyan AV, Bakeeva LE, Fetisova EK, Izyumov DS, Saprunova VB, Vyssokikh MY, Chernyak BV, Skulachev VP (2002) Oligomycin, inhibitor of the F0 part of H+\u2010ATP\u2010synthase, suppresses the TNF\u2010induced apoptosis. Oncogene 21: 8149\u20138157","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.113086","volume":"323","author":"C Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun C, Serra C, Lee G, Wagner KR (2020) Stem cell\u2010based therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Exp Neurol 323: 113086","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0657-1","volume":"76","author":"YY Syed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Syed YY (2016) Eteplirsen: first global approval. Drugs 76: 1699\u20131704","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-416618-9.00005-4","volume":"542","author":"T TeSlaa","year":"2014","unstructured":"TeSlaa T, Teitell MA (2014) Techniques to monitor glycolysis. Methods Enzymol 542: 91\u2013114","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfs013","volume":"5","author":"S Uchino","year":"2012","unstructured":"Uchino S, Bellomo R, Goldsmith D (2012) The meaning of the blood urea nitrogen\/creatinine ratio in acute kidney injury. Clin Kidney J 5: 187\u2013191","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2011.10.011","volume":"22","author":"M van Putten","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Putten M, Kumar D, Hulsker M, Hoogaars WM, Plomp JJ, van Opstal A, van Iterson M, Admiraal P, van Ommen GJ, t Hoen PA, et al (2012) Comparison of skeletal muscle pathology and motor function of dystrophin and utrophin deficient mouse strains. Neuromuscul Disord 22: 406\u2013417","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0203-3","volume":"15","author":"IEC Verhaart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Verhaart IEC, Aartsma\u2010Rus A (2019) Therapeutic developments for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nat Rev Neurol 15: 373\u2013386","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13395-015-0070-6","volume":"5","author":"MC Vila","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vila MC, Klimek MB, Novak JS, Rayavarapu S, Uaesoontrachoon K, Boehler JF, Fiorillo AA, Hogarth MW, Zhang A, Shaughnessy C et al (2015) Elusive sources of variability of dystrophin rescue by exon skipping. Skelet Muscle 5: 44","journal-title":"Skelet Muscle"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4065\/70.3.241","volume":"70","author":"DJ Wedel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Wedel DJ, Quinlan JG, Iaizzo PA (1995) Clinical effects of intravenously administered dantrolene. Mayo Clin Proc 70: 241\u2013246","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.288","volume":"19","author":"B Wu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wu B, Xiao B, Cloer C, Shaban M, Sali A, Lu P, Li J, Nagaraju K, Xiao X, Lu QL (2011) One\u2010year treatment of morpholino antisense oligomer improves skeletal and cardiac muscle functions in dystrophic mdx mice. Mol Ther 19: 576\u2013583","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104381","volume":"147","author":"Z Yan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yan Z, Zhu S, Wang H, Wang L, Du T, Ye Z, Zhai D, Zhu Z, Tian X, Lu Z et al (2019) MOTS\u2010c inhibits Osteolysis in the Mouse Calvaria by affecting osteocyte\u2010osteoclast crosstalk and inhibiting inflammation. Pharmacol Res 147: 104381","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.310","volume":"18","author":"H Yin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yin H, Betts C, Saleh AF, Ivanova GD, Lee H, Seow Y, Kim D, Gait MJ, Wood MJ (2010) Optimization of peptide nucleic acid antisense oligonucleotides for local and systemic dystrophin splice correction in the mdx mouse. Mol Ther 18: 819\u2013827","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp395","volume":"18","author":"H Yin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yin H, Moulton HM, Betts C, Seow Y, Boutilier J, Iverson PL, Wood MJ (2009) A fusion peptide directs enhanced systemic dystrophin exon skipping and functional restoration in dystrophin\u2010deficient mdx mice. Hum Mol Genet 18: 4405\u20134414","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2017.10.017","volume":"92","author":"D Zhai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhai D, Ye Z, Jiang Y, Xu C, Ruan B, Yang Y, Lei X, Xiang A, Lu H, Zhu Z et al (2017) MOTS\u2010c peptide increases survival and decreases bacterial load in mice infected with MRSA. Mol Immunol 92: 151\u2013160","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"BFEMMM202012993_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23225","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.005280","volume":"284","author":"D Zhong","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhong D, Xiong L, Liu T, Liu X, Liu X, Chen J, Sun SY, Khuri FR, Zong Y, Zhou Q et al (2009) The glycolytic inhibitor 2\u2010deoxyglucose activates multiple prosurvival pathways through IGF1R. J Biol Chem 284: 23225\u201323233","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["EMBO Molecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.202012993.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.15252\/emmm.202012993","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.15252\/emmm.202012993\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.embopress.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.202012993","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.15252\/emmm.202012993.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T06:33:31Z","timestamp":1779086011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.15252\/emmm.202012993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]]}},"alternative-id":["BFEMMM202012993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252\/emmm.202012993","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-4676","1757-4684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-4676","type":"print"},{"value":"1757-4684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 November 2020","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2020","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 December 2020","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"EMMM202012993"}}