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Parasite adaption to the biochemically and physically different environments must hence be a key evolutionary driver for transmission efficiency. To probe how subtle but physiologically relevant changes in environmental elasticity impact parasite migration, we introduce 2D and 3D polyacrylamide gels to study ookinetes, the parasite forms emigrating from the mosquito blood meal and sporozoites, the forms transmitted to the vertebrate host. We show that ookinetes adapt their migratory path but not their speed to environmental elasticity and are motile for over 24\u00a0h on soft substrates. In contrast, sporozoites evolved more short\u2010lived rapid gliding motility for rapidly crossing the skin. Strikingly, sporozoites are highly sensitive to substrate elasticity possibly to avoid adhesion to soft endothelial cells on their long way to the liver. Hence, the two migratory stages of\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                    evolved different strategies to overcome the physical challenges posed by the respective environments and barriers they encounter.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202113933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T06:01:58Z","timestamp":1614924118000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Malaria parasites differentially sense environmental elasticity during transmission"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3558-5937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Ripp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5084-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Kehrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xanthoula","family":"Smyrnakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0019-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Tisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0391-2622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogerio","family":"Amino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5975-7815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Ruiz de Almodovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8332-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friedrich","family":"Frischknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"BFEMMM202113933_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073403","volume":"63","author":"ASI Aly","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aly ASI, Vaughan AM, Kappe SHI (2009) Malaria parasite development in the mosquito and infection of the mammalian host. 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