{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T21:17:58Z","timestamp":1792185478569,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from the autoimmune destruction of \u03b2 cells of the endocrine pancreas. Pathogenesis of T1DM is different from that of type 2 diabetes mellitus, where both insulin resistance and reduced secretion of insulin by the \u03b2 cells play a synergistic role. We will present genetic, environmental and immunologic factors that destroy \u03b2 cells of the endocrine pancreas and lead to insulin deficiency. The process of autoimmune destruction takes place in genetically susceptible individuals under the triggering effect of one or more environmental factors and usually progresses over a period of many months to years, during which period patients are asymptomatic and euglycemic, but positive for relevant autoantibodies. Symptomatic hyperglycemia and frank diabetes occur after a long latency period, which reflects the large percentage of \u03b2 cells that need to be destroyed before overt diabetes become evident.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-17-0347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,30]],"date-time":"2017-11-30T20:35:10Z","timestamp":1512074110000},"page":"R38-R46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":209,"title":["On type 1 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Stavroula A","family":"Paschou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nektaria","family":"Papadopoulou-Marketou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George P","family":"Chrousos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kanaka-Gantenbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref1051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197905243002102","article-title":"Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"300","year":"1979","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1167728","article-title":"Rare variants of IFIH1, a gene implicated in antiviral responses, protect against type 1 diabetes","volume":"324","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref451","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.12.1420","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and 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