{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:12:04Z","timestamp":1788343924176,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)) are released from the pituitary gland and stimulate Leydig cells to produce testosterone and initiates spermatogenesis. Little is known about how and when the deterioration of semen quality occurs in patients with adult-onset gonadotropin insufficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective study comprising 20 testosterone-deficient men (median age, 29 years) with acquired pituitary disease who delivered semen for cryopreservation before initiation of testosterone therapy. Semen variables and hormone concentrations were compared to those of young healthy men (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009340).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirteen of 20 patients (65%) and 82% of controls had total sperm counts above 39 million and progressive motile spermatozoa above 32% (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05). For the individual semen variables, there were no significant differences in semen volume (median (intraquartile range) 3.0 (1.3\u20136.8) vs 3.2 (2.3\u20134.3) mL,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.47), sperm concentration 41 (11\u201371) vs 43 (22\u201373) mill\/mL (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.56) or total sperm counts (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.66). One patient had azoospermia. Patients vs controls had lower serum testosterone 5.4 (2.2\u20137.6) vs 19.7 (15.5\u201324.5) nmol\/L (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), calculated free testosterone (cfT) 145 (56\u2013183) vs 464 (359\u2013574) pmol\/L (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), LH 1.5 (1.1\u20132.1) vs 3.1 (2.3\u20134.0) U\/L (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and inhibin b (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Levels of FSH were similar (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.63). Testosterone\/LH ratio and cfT\/LH ratio were reduced in patients (both\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite Leydig cell insufficiency in patients with acquired pituitary insufficiency, the majority presented with normal semen quality based on the determination of the number of progressively motile spermatozoa. In addition, the data suggest reduced LH bioactivity in patients with pituitary insufficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-18-0061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T20:10:54Z","timestamp":1520453454000},"page":"523-533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Semen quality in patients with pituitary disease and adult-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mikkel","family":"Andreassen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Juul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Feldt-Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref521","first-page":"314","article-title":"Recovery pattern of hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis in patients with macroprolactinomas after treatment with cabergoline","volume":"134","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical 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patients","volume":"30","year":"2015","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1047-x","article-title":"Central hypothyroidism and its role for cardiovascular risk factors in hypopituitary patients","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.01.103","article-title":"Evaluation of semen quality, endocrine profile and hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis in male patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia major","volume":"179","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12128","article-title":"Causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism predict response to gonadotropin substitution in adults","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.112","article-title":"Expert consensus document: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism \u2013 pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"11","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4193","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020453","article-title":"Short-term suppression of GH and IGF-I levels improves gonadal function and sperm parameters in men with acromegaly","volume":"87","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/014850199262517","article-title":"Bromocriptine for infertile males with mild hyperprolactinemia: hormonal and spermatogenic effects","volume":"43","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Andrology"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198509123131102","article-title":"Stimulation of spermatogenesis by gonadotropins in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","volume":"313","year":"1985","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(87)80053-8","article-title":"Endocrinology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis with particular reference to the hormonal control of spermatogenesis","volume":"1","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bailliere\u2019s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1126\/science.140.3563.184","article-title":"Spermatogenesis in man: an estimate of its duration","volume":"140","year":"1963","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp048","article-title":"World 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