{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:59:07Z","timestamp":1789142347214,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combined treatment with an incretin-based drug, such as a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, and basal insulin is a new strategy for improving glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We performed a meta-analysis to assess the effect of this combined treatment on glycaemic control, insulin dose, severe hypoglycaemia, weight gain and gastrointestinal side effects in T1DM patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published before July 16, 2018. The primary outcome was glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondary outcomes included total daily insulin dose, body weight, severe hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal side effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 2389 patients were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. The pooled data suggested that incretin-based therapy was associated with a reduction in HbA1c levels (weighted mean difference (WMD) \u22120.17%, 95% confidence interval (CI) \u22120.24 to \u22120.11,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), total daily insulin dose (WMD \u22125.53\u2009IU\/day, 95% CI \u22128.89 to \u22122.17,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001) and body weight (WMD \u22123.24\u2009kg, 95% CI \u22124.43 to \u22122.04,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Incretins did not increase the risk of severe hypoglycaemia (odds ratio (OR) 0.83, 95% CI 0.60\u20131.16,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.287) but increased the occurrence of gastrointestinal side effects (OR 3.46, 95% CI 2.20\u20135.45,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In T1DM patients, GLP-1 RAs, but not DPP-4 inhibitors, combined with insulin appear to be an effective therapy but may increase the occurrence of gastrointestinal side effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-18-0546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T10:17:24Z","timestamp":1548757044000},"page":"277-288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Incretin-based therapies for patients with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Lili","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"},{"name":"2Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"},{"name":"2Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiabi","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"},{"name":"2Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiguang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China"},{"name":"2Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zubing","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Anorectal Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00436-2","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of liraglutide for overweight adult patients with type 1 diabetes and insufficient glycaemic control (Lira-1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3097","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12063","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: multitarget drugs, not only antidiabetes drugs","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of 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