{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:27:30Z","timestamp":1790987250570,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Vitamin D has many physiological functions including upregulation of intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, mobilization of bone resorption, renal reabsorption of calcium as well as actions on a variety of pleiotropic functions. It is believed that many of the hormonal effects of vitamin D involve a 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    -vitamin D receptor-mediated transcriptional mechanism involving binding to the cellular chromatin and regulating hundreds of genes in many tissues. This comprehensive historical review provides a unique perspective of the many steps of the discovery of vitamin D and its deficiency disease, rickets, stretching from 1650 until the present. The overview is divided into four distinct historical phases which cover the major developments in the field and in the process highlighting the: (a) first recognition of rickets or vitamin D deficiency; (b) discovery of the nutritional factor, vitamin D and its chemical structure; (c) elucidation of vitamin D metabolites including the hormonal form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ; (d) delineation of the vitamin D cellular machinery, functions and vitamin D-related diseases which focused on understanding the mechanism of action of vitamin D in its many target cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-21-0594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T12:01:23Z","timestamp":1646395283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["100 YEARS OF VITAMIN D: Historical aspects of vitamin D"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7402-3473","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Glenville","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Physiological Reviews","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.4.1193","article-title":"Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D","volume":"78","author":"Jones","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jones GStrugnell SADeLuca HF. Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiological Reviews1998781193\u20131231. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.1998.78.4.1193)979057410.1152\/physrev.1998.78.4.1193"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680609900815","article-title":"Rickets and the Fairfax family receipt books","volume":"99","author":"Swinburne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Swinburne LMRickets and the Fairfax family receipt books. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine200699391\u2013395. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/jrsm.99.8.391)1689393810.1177\/014107680609900815"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"BoneKEy Reports","first-page":"478","article-title":"Rickets before the discovery of vitamin D","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Riordan","year":"2014","unstructured":"O\u2019Riordan JLBijvoet OL. Rickets before the discovery of vitamin D. BoneKEy Reports20143478. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/bonekey.2013.212)24466409"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"International Journal of Paleopathology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2017.10.011","article-title":"The epidemiology of rickets in the 17th\u201319th centuries: some contributions from documentary sources and their value to palaeopathologists","volume":"23","author":"Mays","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mays SThe epidemiology of rickets in the 17th\u201319th centuries: some contributions from documentary sources and their value to palaeopathologists. International Journal of Paleopathology20182388\u201395. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2017.10.011)3057317010.1016\/j.ijpp.2017.10.011"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"The Cambridge World History of Food. Part IVA4: The Nutrients- Deficiencies, Surfeits and Food-Related Disorders","first-page":"763","article-title":"Vitamin D","author":"Jones","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jones GVitamin D. In The Cambridge World History of Food. Part IVA4: The Nutrients- Deficiencies, Surfeits and Food-Related Disorders, pp. 763\u2013768. Eds KipleKFOrnelasKC. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 2000."},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"International Journal of Paleopathology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2018.01.002","article-title":"The discovery and the synthesis of the nutritional factor vitamin D","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones GThe discovery and the synthesis of the nutritional factor vitamin D. International Journal of Paleopathology20182396\u201399. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpp.2018.01.002)3057317110.1016\/j.ijpp.2018.01.002"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Nutrients","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/nu4010042","article-title":"Theobald Palm and his remarkable observation: how the sunshine vitamin came to be recognized","volume":"4","author":"Chesney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chesney RWTheobald Palm and his remarkable observation: how the sunshine vitamin came to be recognized. Nutrients2012442\u201351. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu4010042)10.3390\/nu4010042"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Vitamin D","first-page":"2","article-title":"Historical overview of vitamin D","author":"DeLuca","year":"2011","unstructured":"DeLuca HFHistorical overview of vitamin D. In Vitamin D, 3rd ed., chapter 1, pp. 2\u201312. Eds FeldmanDPikeJWAdamsJS. Academic Press, 2011."},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"MD Thesis","article-title":"De Morbo Puerili Anglorum, Quem Patrio Idiomate Indigenae Vocant. The Rickets","author":"Whistler","year":"1645","unstructured":"Whistler DDe Morbo Puerili Anglorum, Quem Patrio Idiomate Indigenae Vocant. The Rickets. MD Thesis. Leiden, Netherlands: University of Leiden, 1645."},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"De Rachitide Sive Morbo Puerili Quoi Vulgo. The Rickets Dicitur","author":"Glisson","year":"1650","unstructured":"Glisson FDe Rachitide Sive Morbo Puerili Quoi Vulgo. The Rickets Dicitur. London: Sadler &Beaumont, 1650."},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Rickets Including Osteomalacia and Tetany","article-title":"Frontispiece","author":"Hess","year":"1929","unstructured":"Hess AFFrontispiece. In Rickets Including Osteomalacia and Tetany. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1929."},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"American Journal of Clinical Nutrition","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1725S","article-title":"Nutritional rickets: deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or both?","volume":"80","author":"Pettifor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pettifor JMNutritional rickets: deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, or both?American Journal of Clinical Nutrition2004801725S\u20131729S. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1725S)10.1093\/ajcn\/80.6.1725S"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2175","article-title":"Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets","volume":"101","author":"Munns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Munns CFShaw NKiely MSpecker BLThacher TDOzono KMichigami TTiosano DMughal MZMakitie OGlobal consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism2016101394\u2013415. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-2175)2674525310.1210\/jc.2015-2175"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"A History of Women\u2019s Bodies New York","first-page":"1","author":"Shorter","year":"1982","unstructured":"Shorter EA History of Women\u2019s Bodies New York, pp. 1\u2013398. New York: Perseus Books, 1982."},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia","first-page":"68","article-title":"Not only the English disease","volume":"323S","author":"Belton","year":"1986","unstructured":"Belton NNot only the English disease. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavia1986323S68\u201375."},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Essays Medical, Philosophical and Experimental on the Medical Use of Cod-Liver Oil","author":"Percival","year":"1789","unstructured":"Percival TEssays Medical, Philosophical and Experimental on the Medical Use of Cod-Liver Oil, vol. 2. London, 1789."},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/143121a0","article-title":"Jerdrzej Sniadecki (1768\u20131838) on the cure of rickets. (1840) Cited by W. Mozolowski","volume":"143","author":"Sniadecki","year":"1939","unstructured":"Sniadecki JJerdrzej Sniadecki (1768\u20131838) on the cure of rickets. (1840) Cited by W. Mozolowski. Nature1939143121\u2013124. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/143121a0)10.1038\/143121a0"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"113","article-title":"Geographical distribution of rickets, acute and subacute rheumatism, chorea, cancer and urinary calculus in the British Islands","volume":"1","author":"Owen","year":"1889","unstructured":"Owen IGeographical distribution of rickets, acute and subacute rheumatism, chorea, cancer and urinary calculus in the British Islands. BMJ18891113\u2013118."},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Practitioner","first-page":"270","article-title":"The geographical distribution and etiology of rickets","volume":"45","author":"Palm","year":"1890","unstructured":"Palm TAThe geographical distribution and etiology of rickets. Practitioner189045270\u2013279."},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur der Abteilung fur Kinderheilkunde der 76","first-page":"116","article-title":"Ueber Lichtbehandlung der Rachitis und anderer Kinderkrankheiten","author":"Buchholz","year":"1904","unstructured":"Buchholz EUeber Lichtbehandlung der Rachitis und anderer Kinderkrankheiten. In Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft fur der Abteilung fur Kinderheilkunde der 76, vol. 21, p. 116. Breslau, Germany: Versammlung der Gesellschaft Deutscher Natturforcher und Aerzte in Breslau, 1904."},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Comptes Rendues de l\u2019Association de Pediatrics Paris","first-page":"308","article-title":"Recherches experimentales sur la manque d\u2019action du soleil comme cause de rachitisme","author":"Raczynski","year":"1913","unstructured":"Raczynski JRecherches experimentales sur la manque d\u2019action du soleil comme cause de rachitisme. In Comptes Rendues de l\u2019Association de Pediatrics Paris, pp. 308\u2013309, 1913."},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1137830","article-title":"Heilung von rachitis durch kunestliche hohensonne","volume":"45","author":"Huldschinsky","year":"1919","unstructured":"Huldschinsky KHeilung von rachitis durch kunestliche hohensonne. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift191945712\u2013713. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0028-1137830)10.1055\/s-0028-1137830"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Studies of Rickets in Vienna 1919\u20131922","author":"Chick","year":"1923","unstructured":"Chick HPalzell EJHume EM. Studies of Rickets in Vienna 1919\u20131922. Medical Research Council, Special Report No 77, 1923."},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)85064-5","article-title":"Antirachitic properties imparted to inert fluids and to green vegetables by ultra-violet irradiation","volume":"62","author":"Hess","year":"1924","unstructured":"Hess AFWeinstock M. Antirachitic properties imparted to inert fluids and to green vegetables by ultra-violet irradiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry192462301\u2013313. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1885064-5)10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)85064-5"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Journal of Physiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1912.sp001524","article-title":"Feeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory food factors in normal dietaries","volume":"44","author":"Hopkins","year":"1912","unstructured":"Hopkins FGFeeding experiments illustrating the importance of accessory food factors in normal dietaries. Journal of Physiology191244425\u2013460. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1912.sp001524)10.1113\/jphysiol.1912.sp001524"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Journal of Physiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1912.sp001537","article-title":"The preparation from yeast and certain foodstuffs of the substance the deficiency of which in diet occasions polyneuritis in birds","volume":"45","author":"Funk","year":"1912","unstructured":"Funk CThe preparation from yeast and certain foodstuffs of the substance the deficiency of which in diet occasions polyneuritis in birds. Journal of Physiology19124575\u201381. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/jphysiol.1912.sp001537)1699318410.1113\/jphysiol.1912.sp001537"},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","first-page":"293","article-title":"Studies on experimental rickets XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition","volume":"53","author":"McCollum","year":"1922","unstructured":"McCollum EVSimmonds NBecker JEShipley PG. Studies on experimental rickets XXI. An experimental demonstration of the existence of a vitamin which promotes calcium deposition. Journal of Biological Chemistry192253293\u2013312. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1885783-0)"},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"407","article-title":"An experimental investigation on rickets","volume":"I","author":"Mellanby","year":"1919","unstructured":"Mellanby EAn experimental investigation on rickets. Lancet1919I407\u2013412."},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"bib29","series-title":"Journal of Nutrition","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/91.2_Suppl.11","article-title":"The paths to the discovery of vitamins A and D","volume":"91","author":"McCollum","year":"1967","unstructured":"McCollum EVThe paths to the discovery of vitamins A and D. Journal of Nutrition196791 (Supplement 1) 11\u201316. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/91.2_Suppl.11)10.1093\/jn\/91.2_Suppl.11"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","first-page":"405","article-title":"Fat-soluble vitamins. XVII. The induction of growth-promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to ultra-violet light","volume":"61","author":"Steenbock","year":"1924","unstructured":"Steenbock HBlack A. Fat-soluble vitamins. XVII. The induction of growth-promoting and calcifying properties in a ration by exposure to ultra-violet light. Journal of Biological Chemistry192461405\u2013422. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1885139-0)"},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","first-page":"263","article-title":"The induction of growth-promoting and calcifying properties in fats and their unsaponifiable constituents by exposure to light","volume":"64","author":"Steenbock","year":"1924","unstructured":"Steenbock HBlack A. The induction of growth-promoting and calcifying properties in fats and their unsaponifiable constituents by exposure to light. Journal of Biological Chemistry192464263\u2013298."},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"Justus Liebig\u2019s Annalen Der Chemie","article-title":"Vitamin D1","volume":"465","author":"Windaus","year":"1928","unstructured":"Windaus ALinsert O. Vitamin D1. Justus Liebig\u2019s Annalen Der Chemie1928465 148\u2013166. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jlac.19284650108)"},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society","first-page":"76","article-title":"The distillation of vitamin D","volume":"B","author":"Askew","year":"1931","unstructured":"Askew FABourdillon RBBruce HMJenkins RGCWebster TA. The distillation of vitamin D. Proceedings of the Royal Society1931B10776\u201390."},{"key":"bib34","series-title":"Justus Liebig\u2019s Annalen Der Chemie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/jlac.19324920111","article-title":"Crystalline vitamin D2","volume":"492","author":"Windaus","year":"1932","unstructured":"Windaus ALinsert OLuttringhaus AFeidlich G. Crystalline vitamin D2. Justus Liebig\u2019s Annalen Der Chemie1932492226\u2013241. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jlac.19324920111)10.1002\/jlac.19324920111"},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Hoppe-Seyler\u2019s Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physiologische Chemie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1515\/bchm2.1936.241.1-3.100","article-title":"Uber das antirachitisch wirksame Bestrah-lungsprodukt aus 7-dehydrocholesterin","volume":"241","author":"Windaus","year":"1936","unstructured":"Windaus ASchenk FVan Werder FT. Uber das antirachitisch wirksame Bestrah-lungsprodukt aus 7-dehydrocholesterin. Hoppe-Seyler\u2019s Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physiologische Chemie1936241100\u2013103. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bchm2.1936.241.1-3.100)10.1515\/bchm2.1936.241.1-3.100"},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Biochemistry","first-page":"198","article-title":"The metabolism of vitamin D","author":"Kodicek","year":"1960","unstructured":"Kodicek EThe metabolism of vitamin D. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Biochemistry, vol. 11, pp. 198\u2013208. Eds UmbreitWMolitorHPergammonL. London: Pergammon, 1960."},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"Biochemistry","first-page":"2201","article-title":"The synthesis of","volume":"5","author":"Neville","year":"1966","unstructured":"Neville PFDeLuca HF. The synthesis of. (1,2-3H]vitamin D3 and the tissue localization of a 0.25 \u00b5g (10 IU) dose per rat. Biochemistry196652201\u20132207. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00871a007)4289583"},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00850a001","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholecalciferol: a biologically active metabolite of vitamin D","volume":"7","author":"Blunt","year":"1968","unstructured":"Blunt JWDeLuca HFSchnoes HK. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol: a biologically active metabolite of vitamin D. Biochemistry196873317\u20133322. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00850a001)430069910.1021\/bi00850a001"},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"Biochemical Journal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1150269","article-title":"Metabolism of vitamin D. A new cholecalciferol involving loss of hydrogen at C-1 in chick intestinal nuclei","volume":"115","author":"Lawson","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lawson DEMWilson PWKodicek E. Metabolism of vitamin D. A new cholecalciferol involving loss of hydrogen at C-1 in chick intestinal nuclei. Biochemical Journal1969115269\u2013277. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bj1150269)431411910.1042\/bj1150269"},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63306-X","article-title":"Evidence for the biologically active form of cholecalciferol in the intestine","volume":"245","author":"Myrtle","year":"1970","unstructured":"Myrtle JFHaussler MRNorman AW. Evidence for the biologically active form of cholecalciferol in the intestine. Journal of Biological Chemistry19702451190\u20131196. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1863306-X)431370410.1016\/S0021-9258(18)63306-X"},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00790a023","article-title":"Isolation and identification of 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in the intestine","volume":"10","author":"Holick","year":"1971","unstructured":"Holick MFSchnoes HKDeLuca HFSuda TCousins RJ. Isolation and identification of 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in the intestine. Biochemistry1971102799\u20132804. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00790a023)432688310.1021\/bi00790a023"},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"Nature","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/228764a0","article-title":"Unique biosynthesis by kidney of a biologically active vitamin D metabolite","volume":"228","author":"Fraser","year":"1970","unstructured":"Fraser DRKodicek E. Unique biosynthesis by kidney of a biologically active vitamin D metabolite. Nature1970228764\u2013766. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/228764a0)10.1038\/228764a0"},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"Tetrahedron Letters","first-page":"4147","article-title":"The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol \u2013 a metabolically active form of vitamin D3","volume":"40","author":"Semmler","year":"1972","unstructured":"Semmler EJHolick MFSchnoes HKDeLuca HF. The synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol \u2013 a metabolically active form of vitamin D3. Tetrahedron Letters1972404147\u20134150."},{"key":"bib44","series-title":"Vitamin D: Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Endocrinology of Calcium Metabolism","first-page":"1089","article-title":"Preparation of 1\u03b1\u2010hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites by total synthesis","author":"Baggiolini","year":"1982","unstructured":"Baggiolini EGWovkulich PMIacobelli JAHennessy BMUskokovic MR. Preparation of 1\u03b1\u2010hydroxylated vitamin D metabolites by total synthesis. In Vitamin D: Chemical, Biochemical and Clinical Endocrinology of Calcium Metabolism, pp. 1089\u20131100. Eds NormanAWSchaeferKvon HerrathDGrigoleitHG. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1982."},{"key":"bib45","series-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(69)90264-2","article-title":"25-Hydroxyergocalciferol: a biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2","volume":"35","author":"Suda","year":"1969","unstructured":"Suda TDeLuca HFSchnoes HKBlunt JW. 25-Hydroxyergocalciferol: a biologically active metabolite of vitamin D2. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications196935182\u2013185. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0006-291x(6990264-2)530576010.1016\/0006-291X(69)90264-2"},{"key":"bib46","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00677a025","article-title":"Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"1975","unstructured":"Jones GSchnoes HKDeLuca HF. Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2. Biochemistry1975141250\u20131256. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00677a025)107897810.1021\/bi00677a025"},{"key":"bib47","series-title":"Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(80)90449-X","article-title":"Isolation and identification of 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2","volume":"202","author":"Jones","year":"1980","unstructured":"Jones GSchnoes HKLevan LDeluca HF. Isolation and identification of 24-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics1980202450\u2013457. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-9861(8090449-x)697001310.1016\/0003-9861(80)90449-X"},{"key":"bib48","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00816a025","article-title":"21,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D3 preferentially active on bone","volume":"9","author":"Suda","year":"1970","unstructured":"Suda TDeLuca HFSchnoes HKPonchon GTanaka YHolick MF. 21,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D3 preferentially active on bone. Biochemistry197092917\u20132922. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00816a025)10.1021\/bi00816a025"},{"key":"bib49","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00773a009","article-title":"Isolation and identification of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D made in the kidney","volume":"11","author":"Holick","year":"1972","unstructured":"Holick MFSchnoes HKDeLuca HFGray RWBoyle ITSuda T. Isolation and identification of 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D made in the kidney. Biochemistry1972114251\u20134255. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00773a009)434290210.1021\/bi00773a009"},{"key":"bib50","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00826a022","article-title":"25,26-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal calcium transport activity","volume":"9","author":"DeLuca","year":"1970","unstructured":"DeLuca HFSuda TSchnoes HKTanaka YHolick MF. 25,26-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal calcium transport activity. Biochemistry197094776\u20134780. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00826a022)431998710.1021\/bi00826a022"},{"key":"bib51","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4775","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00589a002","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone: a new in vivo metabolite of vitamin D","volume":"18","author":"Wichmann","year":"1979","unstructured":"Wichmann JKDeLuca HFSchnoes HKHorst RLShepard RMJorgensen NA. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone: a new in vivo metabolite of vitamin D. Biochemistry1979184775\u20134780. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00589a002)22869810.1021\/bi00589a002"},{"key":"bib52","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43408-X","article-title":"1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3. A metabolite of vitamin D3 effective on intestine","volume":"248","author":"Holick","year":"1973","unstructured":"Holick MFKleiner-Bossaller ASchnoes HKKasten PMBoyle ITDeLuca HF. 1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3. A metabolite of vitamin D3 effective on intestine. Journal of Biological Chemistry19732486691\u20136696. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1943408-X)435550310.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43408-X"},{"key":"bib53","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00585a021","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of 1 alpha-hydroxy-23-carboxytetranorvitamin D: a major metabolite of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"18","author":"Esvelt","year":"1979","unstructured":"Esvelt RPSchnoes HKDeLuca HF. Isolation and characterization of 1 alpha-hydroxy-23-carboxytetranorvitamin D: a major metabolite of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Biochemistry1979183977\u20133983. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00585a021)10.1021\/bi00585a021"},{"key":"bib54","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)93278-3","article-title":"The association of a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal mucosa chromatin in vivo","volume":"243","author":"Haussler","year":"1968","unstructured":"Haussler MRMyrtle JFNorman AW. The association of a metabolite of vitamin D3 with intestinal mucosa chromatin in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry19682434055\u20134064. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1893278-3)566694810.1016\/S0021-9258(18)93278-3"},{"key":"bib55","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41849-8","article-title":"Specific binding of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to nuclear components of chick intestine","volume":"250","author":"Brumbaugh","year":"1975","unstructured":"Brumbaugh PFHaussler MR. Specific binding of 1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol to nuclear components of chick intestine. Journal of Biological Chemistry19752501588\u20131594. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1941849-8)16325410.1016\/S0021-9258(19)41849-8"},{"key":"bib56","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3029866","article-title":"Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the avian receptor for vitamin D","volume":"235","author":"McDonnell","year":"1987","unstructured":"McDonnell DPMangelsdorf DJPike JWHaussler MRO'Malley BW. Molecular cloning of complementary DNA encoding the avian receptor for vitamin D. Science19872351214\u20131217. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.3029866)302986610.1126\/science.3029866"},{"key":"bib57","series-title":"PNAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3294","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.10.3294","article-title":"Cloning and expression of full-length cDNA encoding human vitamin D receptor","volume":"85","author":"Baker","year":"1988","unstructured":"Baker ARMcDonnell DPHughes MCrisp TMMangelsdorf DJHaussler MRPike JWShine JO'Malley BW. Cloning and expression of full-length cDNA encoding human vitamin D receptor. PNAS1988853294\u20133298. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.85.10.3294)283576710.1073\/pnas.85.10.3294"},{"key":"bib58","series-title":"Molecular Cell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80413-X","article-title":"The crystal structure of the nuclear receptor for vitamin D bound to its natural ligand","volume":"5","author":"Rochel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rochel NWurtz JMMitschler AKlaholz BMoras D. The crystal structure of the nuclear receptor for vitamin D bound to its natural ligand. Molecular Cell20005173\u2013179. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1097-2765(0080413-x)1067817910.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80413-X"},{"key":"bib59","series-title":"Nutritional Reviews","first-page":"4","article-title":"Mechanisms and functions of vitamin D","volume":"56","author":"DeLuca","year":"1998","unstructured":"DeLuca HFZierold C. Mechanisms and functions of vitamin D. Nutritional Reviews1998564\u201310."},{"key":"bib60","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Plus","article-title":"Genomic mechanisms governing mineral homeostasis and the regulation and maintenance of vitamin D metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Pike","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pike JWLee SMBenkusky NAMeyer MB. Genomic mechanisms governing mineral homeostasis and the regulation and maintenance of vitamin D metabolism. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Plus20215 e10433. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbm4.10433)33553989"},{"key":"bib61","series-title":"Vitamin D","first-page":"137","article-title":"Nuclear vitamin D receptor: natural ligands, molecular structure\u2013function and transcriptional control of vital genes","author":"Haussler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Haussler MRWhitfield KHaussler CAHsieh J-CJurutka PW. Nuclear vitamin D receptor: natural ligands, molecular structure\u2013function and transcriptional control of vital genes. In Vitamin D, 3rded., chapter 8, pp. 137\u2013170. Eds FeldmanDPikeJWAdamsJS. Academic Press, 2011."},{"key":"bib62","series-title":"Vitamin D","first-page":"271","article-title":"Vitamin D sterol\/VDR conformational dynamics and non-genomic actions","author":"Mizwicki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mizwicki MTNorman AW. Vitamin D sterol\/VDR conformational dynamics and non-genomic actions. In Vitamin D, 3rded., chapter 15, pp. 271\u2013297. Eds FeldmanDPikeJWAdamsJS. Academic Press, 2011."},{"key":"bib63","series-title":"Endocrine Reviews","first-page":"200","article-title":"Structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system","volume":"16","author":"Bouillon","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bouillon ROkamura WHNorman AW. Structure-function relationships in the vitamin D endocrine system. Endocrine Reviews199516200\u2013257. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/edrv-16-2-200)7781594"},{"key":"bib64","series-title":"PNAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.6.2076","article-title":"Group-specific component (Gc) proteins bind vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"72","author":"Daiger","year":"1975","unstructured":"Daiger SPSchanfield MSCavalli-Sforza LL. Group-specific component (Gc) proteins bind vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. PNAS1975722076\u20132080. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.72.6.2076)4905210.1073\/pnas.72.6.2076"},{"key":"bib65","series-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vitamin D binding protein: a historic overview","volume":"10","author":"Bouillon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bouillon RSchuit FAntonio LRastinejad F. Vitamin D binding protein: a historic overview. Frontiers in Endocrinology2020101\u201321."},{"key":"bib66","series-title":"Journal of Lipid Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R031534","article-title":"Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of vitamin D","volume":"55","author":"Jones","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jones GProsser DEKaufmann M. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of vitamin D. Journal of Lipid Research20145513\u201331. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1194\/jlr.R031534)2356471010.1194\/jlr.R031534"},{"key":"bib67","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43995-1","article-title":"The regulation of rat liver calciferol-25-hydroxylase","volume":"248","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bhattacharyya MHDeLuca HF. The regulation of rat liver calciferol-25-hydroxylase. Journal of Biological Chemistry19732482969\u20132973. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1943995-1)414475210.1016\/S0021-9258(19)43995-1"},{"key":"bib68","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00704a034","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase. Subcellular location and properties","volume":"13","author":"Knutson","year":"1974","unstructured":"Knutson JCDeLuca HF. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase. Subcellular location and properties. Biochemistry1974131543\u20131548. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00704a034)415061510.1021\/bi00704a034"},{"key":"bib69","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)44557-2","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase subcellular location and properties","volume":"247","author":"Gray","year":"1972","unstructured":"Gray RWOmdahl JLGhazarian JGDeLuca HF. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol-1-hydroxylase subcellular location and properties. Journal of Biological Chemistry19722477528\u20137532. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1944557-2)440459610.1016\/S0021-9258(19)44557-2"},{"key":"bib70","series-title":"Journal of Bone and Mineral Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.10.1552","article-title":"The 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase gene maps to the pseudovitamin D-deficiency rickets (PDDR) disease locus","volume":"12","author":"St-Arnaud","year":"1997","unstructured":"St-Arnaud RMesserlian SMoir JMOmdahl JLGlorieux FH. The 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase gene maps to the pseudovitamin D-deficiency rickets (PDDR) disease locus. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research1997121552\u20131559. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.10.1552)10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.10.1552"},{"key":"bib71","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5333.1827","article-title":"25-Hydroxy vitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D synthesis","volume":"277","author":"Takeyama","year":"1997","unstructured":"Takeyama KKitanaka SSato TKobori MYanagisawa JKato S. 25-Hydroxy vitamin D3 1alpha-hydroxylase and vitamin D synthesis. Science19972771827\u20131830. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.277.5333.1827)10.1126\/science.277.5333.1827"},{"key":"bib72","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31501-1","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a cytochrome P-450 from rat kidney mitochondria that catalyzes the 24-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"266","author":"Ohyama","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ohyama YOkuda K. Isolation and characterization of a cytochrome P-450 from rat kidney mitochondria that catalyzes the 24-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Journal of Biological Chemistry19912668690\u20138695. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1831501-1)202658610.1016\/S0021-9258(18)31501-1"},{"key":"bib73","series-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00375.x","article-title":"Metabolic studies using recombinant Escherichia coli cells producing rat mitochondrial CYP24: CYP24 can convert 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to calcitroic acid","volume":"262","author":"Sakaki","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sakaki TSawada NNonaka YOhyama YInouye K. Metabolic studies using recombinant Escherichia coli cells producing rat mitochondrial CYP24: CYP24 can convert 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 to calcitroic acid. European Journal of Biochemistry199926243\u201348. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00375.x)1023136210.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00375.x"},{"key":"bib74","series-title":"Biotechnology Annual Review","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-2656(01)07037-5","article-title":"Enzymatic studies on the key enzymes of vitamin D metabolism; 1 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24)","volume":"7","author":"Inouye","year":"2001","unstructured":"Inouye KSakaki T. Enzymatic studies on the key enzymes of vitamin D metabolism; 1 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24). Biotechnology Annual Review20017179\u2013194. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1387-2656(0107037-5)1168604410.1016\/S1387-2656(01)07037-5"},{"key":"bib75","series-title":"PNAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7711","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402490101","article-title":"Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase","volume":"101","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cheng JBLevine MABell NHMangelsdorf DJRussell DW. Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. PNAS20041017711\u20137715. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0402490101)1512893310.1073\/pnas.0402490101"},{"key":"bib76","series-title":"Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.12.001","article-title":"Calcioic acid: in vivo detection and quantification of the terminal C24-oxidation product of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and related intermediates in serum of mice treated with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"188","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaufmann MMartineau CArabian ATraynor MSt-Arnaud RJones G. Calcioic acid: in vivo detection and quantification of the terminal C24-oxidation product of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and related intermediates in serum of mice treated with 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology201918823\u201328. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.12.001)10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.12.001"},{"key":"bib77","series-title":"Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.09.012","article-title":"Interplay between vitamin D and the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang ZSchuetz EGXu YThummel KE. Interplay between vitamin D and the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology201313654\u201358. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.09.012)2298590910.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.09.012"},{"key":"bib78","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00366a051","article-title":"Isolation and identification of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D2, 1,24,25,28-tetrahydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,24,25,26-tetrahydroxyvitamin D2: new metabolites of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 produced in the kidney","volume":"25","author":"Reddy","year":"1986","unstructured":"Reddy GSTserng KY. Isolation and identification of 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D2, 1,24,25,28-tetrahydroxyvitamin D2 and 1,24,25,26-tetrahydroxyvitamin D2: new metabolites of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 produced in the kidney. Biochemistry1986255328\u20135336. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00366a051)349027410.1021\/bi00366a051"},{"key":"bib79","series-title":"Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(91)90304-N","article-title":"Vitamin D binding protein: genomic structure, functional domains, and mRNA expression in tissues","volume":"40","author":"Cooke","year":"1991","unstructured":"Cooke NEMcLeod JFWang XKRay K. Vitamin D binding protein: genomic structure, functional domains, and mRNA expression in tissues. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology199140787\u2013793. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0960-0760(9190304-n)195857610.1016\/0960-0760(91)90304-N"},{"key":"bib80","series-title":"PNAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.62.1.155","article-title":"Chromosomal receptor for a vitamin D metabolite","volume":"62","author":"Haussler","year":"1969","unstructured":"Haussler MRNorman AW. Chromosomal receptor for a vitamin D metabolite. PNAS196962155\u2013162. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.62.1.155)525365210.1073\/pnas.62.1.155"},{"key":"bib81","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38084","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307028200","article-title":"Deorphanization of cytochrome P450 2R1: a microsomal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase","volume":"278","author":"Cheng","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cheng JBMotola DLMangelsdorf DJRussell DW. Deorphanization of cytochrome P450 2R1: a microsomal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. Journal of Biological Chemistry200327838084\u201338093. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M307028200)10.1074\/jbc.M307028200"},{"key":"bib82","series-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197310182891601","article-title":"Pathogenesis of hereditary vitamin-D-dependent rickets. An inborn error of vitamin D metabolism involving defective conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D","volume":"289","author":"Fraser","year":"1973","unstructured":"Fraser DKooh SWKind HPHolick MFTanaka YDeLuca HF. Pathogenesis of hereditary vitamin-D-dependent rickets. An inborn error of vitamin D metabolism involving defective conversion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. New England Journal of Medicine1973289817\u2013822. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM197310182891601)435785510.1056\/NEJM197310182891601"},{"key":"bib83","series-title":"Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.7.8349","article-title":"Vitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase knockout mice as a hereditary rickets animal model","volume":"142","author":"Kato","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kato SVitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase knockout mice as a hereditary rickets animal model. Endocrinology20011422734\u20132735. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.142.7.8349)1141599010.1210\/endo.142.7.8349"},{"key":"bib84","series-title":"PNAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7498","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131029498","article-title":"Targeted ablation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase enzyme: evidence for skeletal, reproductive, and immune dysfunction","volume":"98","author":"Panda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Panda DKMiao DTremblay MLSirois JFarookhi RHendy GNGoltzman D. Targeted ablation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase enzyme: evidence for skeletal, reproductive, and immune dysfunction. PNAS2001987498\u20137503. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.131029498)1141622010.1073\/pnas.131029498"},{"key":"bib85","series-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10348","article-title":"Conventional and tissue-specific inactivation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1)","volume":"88","author":"St-Arnaud","year":"2003","unstructured":"St-Arnaud RDardenne OPrud\u2019homme JHacking SAGlorieux FH. Conventional and tissue-specific inactivation of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1). Journal of Cellular Biochemistry200388245\u2013251. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.10348)1252052210.1002\/jcb.10348"},{"key":"bib86","series-title":"PNAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315006110","article-title":"CYP2R1 is a major, but not exclusive, contributor to 25-hydroxyvitamin D production in vivo","volume":"110","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu JGOchalek JTKaufmann MJones GDeluca HF. CYP2R1 is a major, but not exclusive, contributor to 25-hydroxyvitamin D production in vivo. PNAS201311015650\u201315655. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1315006110)10.1073\/pnas.1315006110"},{"key":"bib87","series-title":"Journal of Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80139-0","article-title":"Rickets with alopecia: an inborn error of vitamin D metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Rosen","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rosen JFFleischman ARFinberg LHamstra ADeLuca HF. Rickets with alopecia: an inborn error of vitamin D metabolism. Journal of Pediatrics197994729\u2013735. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3476(7980139-0)22163010.1016\/S0022-3476(79)80139-0"},{"key":"bib88","series-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198106253042608","article-title":"A cellular defect in hereditary vitamin-D-dependent rickets type II: defective nuclear uptake of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in cultured skin fibroblasts","volume":"304","author":"Eil","year":"1981","unstructured":"Eil CLiberman UARosen JFMarx SJ. A cellular defect in hereditary vitamin-D-dependent rickets type II: defective nuclear uptake of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in cultured skin fibroblasts. New England Journal of Medicine19813041588\u20131591. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM198106253042608)626264610.1056\/NEJM198106253042608"},{"key":"bib89","series-title":"Nature Genetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0897-391","article-title":"Mice lacking the vitamin D receptor exhibit impaired bone formation, uterine hypoplasia and growth retardation after weaning","volume":"16","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Yoshizawa THanda YUematsu YTakeda SSekine KYoshihara YKawakami TArioka KSato HUchiyama YMice lacking the vitamin D receptor exhibit impaired bone formation, uterine hypoplasia and growth retardation after weaning. Nature Genetics199716391\u2013396. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng0897-391)924128010.1038\/ng0897-391"},{"key":"bib90","series-title":"Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.3.5803","article-title":"Analysis of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid expression in mice lacking the vitamin D receptor","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"1998","unstructured":"Li YCPirro AEDemay MB. Analysis of vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid expression in mice lacking the vitamin D receptor. Endocrinology1998139847\u2013851. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.139.3.5803)949201210.1210\/endo.139.3.5803"},{"key":"bib91","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"255","article-title":"Idiopathic hypercalcaemia in infants","volume":"265","author":"Lightwood","year":"1953","unstructured":"Lightwood RStapleton T. Idiopathic hypercalcaemia in infants. Lancet1953265255\u2013256. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(5390187-1)13070618"},{"key":"bib92","series-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1103864","article-title":"Mutations in CYP24A1 and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia","volume":"365","author":"Schlingmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schlingmann KPKaufmann MWeber SIrwin AGoos CJohn UMisselwitz JKlaus GKuwertz-Br\u00f6king EFehrenbach HMutations in CYP24A1 and idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. New England Journal of Medicine2011365410\u2013421. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1103864)2167591210.1056\/NEJMoa1103864"},{"key":"bib93","series-title":"Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.7.7579","article-title":"Deficient mineralization of intramembranous bone in vitamin D-24-hydroxylase-ablated mice is due to elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and not to the absence of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D","volume":"141","author":"St-Arnaud","year":"2000","unstructured":"St-Arnaud RArabian ATravers RBarletta FRaval-Pandya MChapin KDepovere JMathieu CChristakos SDemay MBDeficient mineralization of intramembranous bone in vitamin D-24-hydroxylase-ablated mice is due to elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and not to the absence of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Endocrinology20001412658\u20132666. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endo.141.7.7579)1087527110.1210\/endo.141.7.7579"},{"key":"bib94","series-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1970.00310110166030","article-title":"Treatment of renal osteodystrophy with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol","volume":"126","author":"DeLuca","year":"1970","unstructured":"DeLuca HFAvioli LV. Treatment of renal osteodystrophy with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Archives of Internal Medicine1970126896\u2013899.431993710.1001\/archinte.1970.00310110166030"},{"key":"bib95","series-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-80-2-161","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in normal man and patients with renal failure","volume":"80","author":"Brickman","year":"1974","unstructured":"Brickman ASCoburn JWMassry SGNorman AW. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in normal man and patients with renal failure. Annals of Internal Medicine197480161\u2013168. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-80-2-161)10.7326\/0003-4819-80-2-161"},{"key":"bib96","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108781","article-title":"Phosphate control and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol administration in preventing experimental renal osteodystrophy in the dog","volume":"60","author":"Rutherford","year":"1977","unstructured":"Rutherford WEBordier PMarie PHruska KHarter HGreenwalt ABlondin JHaddad JBricker NSlatopolsky E. Phosphate control and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol administration in preventing experimental renal osteodystrophy in the dog. Journal of Clinical Investigation197760332\u2013341. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI108781)87409510.1172\/JCI108781"},{"key":"bib97","series-title":"Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00830a031","article-title":"The synthesis of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. A biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3","volume":"8","author":"Blunt","year":"1969","unstructured":"Blunt JWDeLuca HF. The synthesis of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. A biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. Biochemistry19698671\u2013675. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00830a031)430741310.1021\/bi00830a031"},{"key":"bib98","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.180.4082.190","article-title":"1\u03b1-Hydroxy derivative of vitamin D3: a highly potent analog of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"180","author":"Holick","year":"1973","unstructured":"Holick MFSemmler EJSchnoes HKDeLuca HF. 1\u03b1-Hydroxy derivative of vitamin D3: a highly potent analog of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Science1973180190\u2013191. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.180.4082.190)10.1126\/science.180.4082.190"},{"key":"bib99","series-title":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00789a090","article-title":"A convenient synthesis of 1-hydroxy-vitamin D3","volume":"95","author":"Barton","year":"1973","unstructured":"Barton DHHesse RHPechet MMRizzardo E. A convenient synthesis of 1-hydroxy-vitamin D3. Journal of the American Chemical Society1973952748\u20132749. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ja00789a090)10.1021\/ja00789a090"},{"key":"bib100","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1126\/science.186.4168.1038","article-title":"1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D2: a potent synthetic analog of vitamin D2","volume":"186","author":"Lam","year":"1974","unstructured":"Lam HYSchnoes HKDeLuca HF. 1alpha-Hydroxyvitamin D2: a potent synthetic analog of vitamin D2. Science19741861038\u20131040. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.186.4168.1038)454973910.1126\/science.186.4168.1038"},{"key":"bib101","series-title":"American Journal of Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90571-0","article-title":"A new analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3, 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2, suppresses serum PTH and parathyroid gland growth in uremic rats without elevation of intestinal vitamin D receptor content","volume":"30","author":"Takahashi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Takahashi FFinch JLDenda MDusso ASBrown AJSlatopolsky E. A new analog of 1,25-(OH)2D3, 19-nor-1,25-(OH)2D2, suppresses serum PTH and parathyroid gland growth in uremic rats without elevation of intestinal vitamin D receptor content. American Journal of Kidney Diseases199730105\u2013112. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0272-6386(9790571-0)921440810.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90571-0"},{"key":"bib102","series-title":"Tetrahedron","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)86903-9","article-title":"Synthesis of MC-903, a biologically active vitamin D metabolite analog","volume":"43","author":"Calverley","year":"1987","unstructured":"Calverley MJSynthesis of MC-903, a biologically active vitamin D metabolite analog. Tetrahedron1987434609\u20134619. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0040-4020(0186903-9)10.1016\/S0040-4020(01)86903-9"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Connections"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/ec\/11\/4\/EC-21-0594.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/11\/4\/EC-21-0594.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/11\/4\/EC-21-0594.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:45:10Z","timestamp":1784555110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/ec\/article\/985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ec-21-0594","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-3614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}}}