{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T22:34:17Z","timestamp":1788302057124,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D enhances calcium absorption and bone mineralisation, promotes maintenance of muscle function, and is crucial for musculoskeletal health. Low vitamin D status triggers secondary hyperparathyroidism, increases bone loss, and leads to muscle weakness. The primary physiologic function of vitamin D and its metabolites is maintaining calcium homeostasis for metabolic functioning, signal transduction, and neuromuscular activity. A considerable amount of human evidence supports the well-recognised contribution of adequate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations for bone homeostasis maintenance and prevention and treatment strategies for osteoporosis when combined with adequate calcium intake. This paper aimed to review the literature published, mainly in the last 20 years, on the effect of vitamin D and its supplementation for musculoskeletal health in order to identify the aspects that remain unclear or controversial and therefore require further investigation and debate. There is a clear need for consistent data to establish realistic and meaningful recommendations of vitamin D status that consider different population groups and locations. Moreover, there is still a lack of consensus on thresholds for vitamin D deficiency and optimal status as well as toxicity, optimal intake of vitamin D, vitamin D supplement alone as a strategy to prevent fractures and falls, recommended sun exposure at different latitudes and for different skin pigmentations, and the extra skeletal effects of vitamin D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-21-0596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T11:34:16Z","timestamp":1662032056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health: outstanding aspects to be considered in the light of current evidence"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9853-4198","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcela Moraes","family":"Mendes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia Borges","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bras\u00edlia, Distrito Federal, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Endocrine Reviews","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00126","article-title":"Skeletal and extraskeletal actions of vitamin D: current evidence and outstanding questions","volume":"40","author":"Bouillon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bouillon RMarcocci CCarmeliet GBikle DWhite JHDawson-Hughes BLips PMunns CFLazaretti-Castro MGiustina ASkeletal and extraskeletal actions of vitamin D: current evidence and outstanding questions. 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