{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:54:18Z","timestamp":1793732058839,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study aimed to evaluate children observed for suspected precocious puberty in five Italian centers of Pediatric Endocrinology during the first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (March\u2013September 2020), compared to subjects observed in the same period of the previous year.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study population (490 children) was divided according to the year of observation and final diagnosis: transient thelarche, non-progressive precocious puberty, central precocious puberty (CPP), or early puberty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between March and September 2020, 338 subjects were referred for suspected precocious puberty, compared to 152 subjects in the same period of 2019 (+122%). The increase was observed in girls (328 subjects in 2020 vs 140 in 2019,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &lt; 0.05), especially during the second half of the period considered (92 girls from March to May vs 236 girls from June to September); while no difference was observed in boys (10 subjects in 2020 vs 12 in 2019). The percentage of girls with confirmed CPP was higher in 2020, compared to 2019 (135\/328 girls (41%) vs 37\/140 (26%),\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009 &lt; 0.01). Anthropometric and hormonal parameters in 2019 and 2020 CPP girls were not different; 2020 CPP girls showed more prolonged use of electronic devices and a more sedentary lifestyle both before and during the pandemic, compared to the rest of the 2020 population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present findings corroborate the recently reported association between the complex lifestyle changes related to the lockdown and a higher incidence of CPP in Italian girls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-21-0650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T10:49:16Z","timestamp":1642157356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Sedentary lifestyle and precocious puberty in girls during the COVID-19 pandemic: an Italian experience"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Chioma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesu\u0300 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5616-9185","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carla","family":"Bizzarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesu\u0300 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Verzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesu\u0300 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Fava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariacarolina","family":"Salerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Capalbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Mother and Child, University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Guzzetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico \u2018A. Cao\u2019, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Penta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Di Luigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u2018Foro Italico\u2019, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natascia","family":"di Iorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Maghnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4558-8533","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandro","family":"Loche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico \u2018A. Cao\u2019, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Cappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesu\u0300 Children\u2019s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology","first-page":"254","article-title":"Pubertal development and regulation","volume":"4","author":"Abreu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abreu APKaiser UB. Pubertal development and regulation. Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology20164254\u2013264. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(1500418-0)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Endotext","article-title":"Normal and abnormal puberty","author":"Beccuti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Beccuti GGhizzoni L. Normal and abnormal puberty. In Endotext. Eds FeingoldKRAnawaltBBoyceAChrousosGde HerderWWDhatariyaKDunganKGrossmanAHershmanJMHoflandJSouth Dartmouth (MA), 2000."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology","first-page":"265","article-title":"Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of central precocious puberty","volume":"4","author":"Latronico","year":"2016","unstructured":"Latronico ACBrito VNCarel JC. Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of central precocious puberty. Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology20164265\u2013274. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(1500380-0)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Human Reproduction Update","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx025","article-title":"Disentangling puberty: novel neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms for the control of mammalian puberty","volume":"23","author":"Avendano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Avendano MSVazquez MJTena-Sempere M. Disentangling puberty: novel neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms for the control of mammalian puberty. Human Reproduction Update201723737\u2013763. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humupd\/dmx025)10.1093\/humupd\/dmx025"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.6.7603","article-title":"Variation in the timing of puberty: clinical spectrum and genetic investigation","volume":"86","author":"Palmert","year":"2001","unstructured":"Palmert MRBoepple PA. Variation in the timing of puberty: clinical spectrum and genetic investigation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism2001862364\u20132368. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.6.7603)10.1210\/jcem.86.6.7603"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Endocrine Reviews","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0019","article-title":"The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration","volume":"24","author":"Parent","year":"2003","unstructured":"Parent ASTeilmann GJuul ASkakkebaek NEToppari JBourguignon JP. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocrine Reviews200324668\u2013693. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2002-0019)10.1210\/er.2002-0019"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e932","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2491","article-title":"Recent decline in age at breast development: the Copenhagen Puberty Study","volume":"123","author":"Aksglaede","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aksglaede LSorensen KPetersen JHSkakkebaek NEJuul A. Recent decline in age at breast development: the Copenhagen Puberty Study. Pediatrics2009123e932\u2013e939. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2008-2491)10.1542\/peds.2008-2491"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Cell Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.10.001","article-title":"Central ceramide signaling mediates obesity-induced precocious puberty","volume":"32","author":"Heras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heras VCastellano JMFernandois DVelasco IRodriguez-Vazquez ERoa JVazquez MJRuiz-Pino FRubio MPineda RCentral ceramide signaling mediates obesity-induced precocious puberty. Cell Metabolism202032951.e8\u2013966.e8. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.10.001)10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.10.001"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa056","article-title":"Childhood overweight and obesity and timing of puberty in boys and girls: cohort and sibling-matched analyses","volume":"49","author":"Brix","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brix NErnst ALauridsen LLBParner ETArah OAOlsen JHenriksen TBRamlau-Hansena CH. Childhood overweight and obesity and timing of puberty in boys and girls: cohort and sibling-matched analyses. International Journal of Epidemiology202049834\u2013844. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyaa056)10.1093\/ije\/dyaa056"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research International","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25618","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2660-4","article-title":"The LIFE PERSUADED project approach on phthalates and bisphenol A biomonitoring in Italian mother-child pairs linking exposure and juvenile diseases","volume":"25","author":"La Rocca","year":"2018","unstructured":"La Rocca CMaranghi FTait STassinari RBaldi FBottaro GBuzzigoli ECarli FCianfarani SConte RThe LIFE PERSUADED project approach on phthalates and bisphenol A biomonitoring in Italian mother-child pairs linking exposure and juvenile diseases. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International20182525618\u201325625. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-018-2660-4)10.1007\/s11356-018-2660-4"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa223","article-title":"Prepubertal internalizing symptoms and timing of puberty onset in girls","volume":"190","author":"Knight","year":"2021","unstructured":"Knight JAKehm RDSchwartz LFrost CJChung WKColonna SKeegan THMGoldberg MHoughton LCHanna DPrepubertal internalizing symptoms and timing of puberty onset in girls. American Journal of Epidemiology2021190431\u2013438. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwaa223)10.1093\/aje\/kwaa223"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.09.005","article-title":"Central obesity, faster maturation, and \u2018PCOS\u2019 in girls","volume":"29","author":"de Zegher","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Zegher FL\u00f3pez-Bermejo AIb\u00e1\u00f1ez L. Central obesity, faster maturation, and \u2018PCOS\u2019 in girls. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism201829815\u2013818. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2018.09.005)10.1016\/j.tem.2018.09.005"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0862","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of isolated forms of central precocious puberty: a cohort study at a single academic center","volume":"184","author":"Harbulot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harbulot CLessim SSimon DMartinerie LStorey CEcosse EDe Roux NCarel JCL\u00e9ger J. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of isolated forms of central precocious puberty: a cohort study at a single academic center. European Journal of Endocrinology2021184243\u2013251. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-20-0862)10.1530\/EJE-20-0862"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0287","article-title":"On the rising incidence of early breast development: puberty as an adaptive escape from ectopic adiposity in mismatch girls","volume":"185","author":"de Zegher","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Zegher FIb\u00e1\u0148ez L. On the rising incidence of early breast development: puberty as an adaptive escape from ectopic adiposity in mismatch girls. European Journal of Endocrinology2021185L1\u2013L2. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-21-0287)10.1530\/EJE-21-0287"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L3","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0445","article-title":"Response to Letter to the Editor from de Zegher and Ibanes: on the rising incidence of early breast development","volume":"185","author":"L\u00e9ger","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00e9ger JDelcour Cde Roux NCarel JC. Response to Letter to the Editor from de Zegher and Ibanes: on the rising incidence of early breast development. European Journal of Endocrinology2021185L3\u2013L4. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-21-0445)10.1530\/EJE-21-0445"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0800459","article-title":"Clinical practice. Precocious puberty","volume":"358","author":"Carel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carel JCLeger J. Clinical practice. Precocious puberty. New England Journal of Medicine20083582366\u20132377. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp0800459)10.1056\/NEJMcp0800459"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang CHorby PWHayden FGGao GF. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet2020395470\u2013473. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(2030185-9)10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on early onset of puberty: experience of an Italian tertiary center","volume":"47","author":"Verzani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verzani MBizzarri CChioma LBottaro GPedicelli SCappa M. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on early onset of puberty: experience of an Italian tertiary center. Italian Journal of Pediatrics202147 52. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01015-6)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","article-title":"Increased incidence of precocious and accelerated puberty in females during and after the Italian lockdown for the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic","volume":"46","author":"Stagi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stagi SDe Masi SBencini ELosi SPaci SParpagnoli MRicci FCiofi DAzzari C. Increased incidence of precocious and accelerated puberty in females during and after the Italian lockdown for the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Italian Journal of Pediatrics202046 165. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-020-00931-3)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine","article-title":"Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Stockwell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stockwell STrott MTully MShin JBarnett YButler LMcDermott DSchuch FSmith L. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine20217 e000960. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000960)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Frontiers in Psychology","article-title":"Parents' stress and children's psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy","volume":"11","author":"Spinelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spinelli MLionetti FPastore MFasolo M. Parents' stress and children's psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology202011 1713. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01713)"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009","article-title":"Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19","volume":"59","author":"Loades","year":"2020","unstructured":"Loades MEChatburn EHigson-Sweeney NReynolds SShafran RBrigden ALinney CMcManus MNBorwick CCrawley E. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2020591218.e3\u20131239.e3. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009)10.1016\/j.jaac.2020.05.009"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344156","article-title":"Italian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2 to 20 yr)","volume":"29","author":"Cacciari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cacciari EMilani SBalsamo ASpada EBona GCavallo LCerutti FGargantini LGreggio NTonini GItalian cross-sectional growth charts for height, weight and BMI (2 to 20 yr). Journal of Endocrinological Investigation200629581\u2013593. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03344156)10.1007\/BF03344156"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.51.3.170","article-title":"Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty","volume":"51","author":"Tanner","year":"1976","unstructured":"Tanner JMWhitehouse RH. Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty. Archives of Disease in Childhood197651170\u2013179. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.51.3.170)10.1136\/adc.51.3.170"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Helvetica Paediatrica Acta","first-page":"61","article-title":"Testicular volume during adolescence. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies","volume":"29","author":"Zachmann","year":"1974","unstructured":"Zachmann MPrader AKind HPHafliger HBudliger H. Testicular volume during adolescence. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Helvetica Paediatrica Acta19742961\u201372."},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Journal of Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70254-7","article-title":"Normal ranges for immunochemiluminometric gonadotropin assays","volume":"127","author":"Neely","year":"1995","unstructured":"Neely EKHintz RLWilson DMLee PAGautier TArgente JStene M. Normal ranges for immunochemiluminometric gonadotropin assays. Journal of Pediatrics199512740\u201346. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-3476(9570254-7)10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70254-7"},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1159\/000501336","article-title":"Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children: update by an International Consortium","volume":"91","author":"Bangalore Krishna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bangalore Krishna KFuqua JSRogol ADKlein KOPopovic JHouk CPCharmandari ELee PAFreire AVRopelato MGUse of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children: update by an International Consortium. Hormone Research in Paediatrics201991357\u2013372. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000501336)10.1159\/000501336"},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of Hand Wrist","author":"Greulich","year":"1971","unstructured":"Greulich WWPyle SI. Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of Hand Wrist, 2nd ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1971."},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"PLoS ONE","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the physical activity questionnaire for older children in Italy: testing the validity among a general and clinical pediatric population","volume":"11","author":"Gobbi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gobbi EElliot CVarnier MCarraro A. Psychometric properties of the physical activity questionnaire for older children in Italy: testing the validity among a general and clinical pediatric population. PLoS ONE201611 e0156354. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0156354)"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1126\/science.169.3943.397","article-title":"Height and weight at menarche and a hypothesis of critical body weights and adolescent events","volume":"169","author":"Frisch","year":"1970","unstructured":"Frisch RERevelle R. Height and weight at menarche and a hypothesis of critical body weights and adolescent events. Science1970169397\u2013399. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.169.3943.397)10.1126\/science.169.3943.397"},{"issue":"Supplement 3","key":"bib31","series-title":"Pediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1813F","article-title":"Link between body fat and the timing of puberty","volume":"121","author":"Kaplowitz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kaplowitz PBLink between body fat and the timing of puberty. Pediatrics2008121 (Supplement 3) S208\u2013S217. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2007-1813F)10.1542\/peds.2007-1813F"},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"Pediatrics","article-title":"Relation of age at menarche to race, time period, and anthropometric dimensions: the Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"110","author":"Freedman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Freedman DSKhan LKSerdula MKDietz WHSrinivasan SRBerenson GS. Relation of age at menarche to race, time period, and anthropometric dimensions: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics2002110 e43. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.110.4.e43)"},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.02.004","article-title":"Childhood obesity and the timing of puberty","volume":"20","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmed MLOng KKDunger DB. Childhood obesity and the timing of puberty. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism200920237\u2013242. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tem.2009.02.004)10.1016\/j.tem.2009.02.004"},{"key":"bib34","series-title":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","first-page":"279","article-title":"Associations of obesity with linear growth and puberty","author":"Shalitin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shalitin SGat-Yablonski G. Associations of obesity with linear growth and puberty. Hormone Research in Paediatrics2021279\u2013295. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000516171)"},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Obesity Reviews","article-title":"Adipokines: a gear shift in puberty","volume":"21","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuis DPujol-Gualdo NArnoldussen IACKiliaan AJ. Adipokines: a gear shift in puberty. Obesity Reviews202021 e13005. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13005)"},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Hormones and Behavior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.01.014","article-title":"Metabolic control of puberty: roles of leptin and kisspeptins","volume":"64","author":"Sanchez-Garrido","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sanchez-Garrido MATena-Sempere M. Metabolic control of puberty: roles of leptin and kisspeptins. Hormones and Behavior201364187\u2013194. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.01.014)10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2013.01.014"},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"Nature Reviews: Endocrinology","first-page":"407","article-title":"Metabolic regulation of kisspeptin \u2013 the link between energy balance and reproduction","volume":"16","author":"Navarro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Navarro VMMetabolic regulation of kisspeptin \u2013 the link between energy balance and reproduction. Nature Reviews: Endocrinology202016407\u2013420. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-020-0363-7)"},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Journal of Endocrinology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R51","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-19-0223","article-title":"Novel mechanisms for the metabolic control of puberty: implications for pubertal alterations in early-onset obesity and malnutrition","volume":"242","author":"Vazquez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vazquez MJVelasco ITena-Sempere M. Novel mechanisms for the metabolic control of puberty: implications for pubertal alterations in early-onset obesity and malnutrition. Journal of Endocrinology2019242R51\u2013R65. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/JOE-19-0223)10.1530\/JOE-19-0223"},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"Acta Paediatrica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14711","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between childhood physical activity and age at menarche","volume":"108","author":"Calthorpe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Calthorpe LBrage SOng KK. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between childhood physical activity and age at menarche. Acta Paediatrica20191081008\u20131015. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.14711)10.1111\/apa.14711"},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Sports Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01099-5","article-title":"Role of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the mental health of preschoolers, children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Rodriguez-Ayllon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Ayllon MCadenas-Sanchez CEstevez-Lopez FMunoz NEMora-Gonzalez JMigueles JHMolina-Garcia PHenriksson HMena-Molina AMartinez-Vizcaino VRole of physical activity and sedentary behavior in the mental health of preschoolers, children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine2019491383\u20131410. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-019-01099-5)10.1007\/s40279-019-01099-5"},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"Child Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2307\/1131166","article-title":"Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: and evolutionary theory of socialization","volume":"62","author":"Belsky","year":"1991","unstructured":"Belsky JSteinberg LDraper P. Childhood experience, interpersonal development, and reproductive strategy: and evolutionary theory of socialization. Child Development199162647\u2013670. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1991.tb01558.x)10.2307\/1131166"},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"Adolescence","first-page":"913","article-title":"Toward a new understanding of early menarche: the role of environmental stress in pubertal timing","volume":"28","author":"Wierson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wierson MLong PJForehand RL. Toward a new understanding of early menarche: the role of environmental stress in pubertal timing. Adolescence199328913\u2013924."},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"Psychiatry Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113429","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: a narrative review with recommendations","volume":"293","author":"Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh SRoy DSinha KParveen SSharma GJoshi G. Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: a narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Research2020293113429. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113429)10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113429"},{"key":"bib44","series-title":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1159\/000517460","article-title":"The impact of stress on health in childhood and adolescence in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Cianfarani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cianfarani SPampanini V. The impact of stress on health in childhood and adolescence in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hormone Research in Paediatrics2021345\u2013349. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000517460)10.1159\/000517460"},{"key":"bib45","series-title":"Italian Journal of Pediatrics","article-title":"COVID-19 quarantine: psychological impact and support for children and parents","volume":"47","author":"Demaria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Demaria FVicari S. COVID-19 quarantine: psychological impact and support for children and parents. Italian Journal of Pediatrics202147 58. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13052-021-01005-8)"},{"key":"bib46","series-title":"Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101300","article-title":"Endocrine disrupters and possible contribution to pubertal changes","volume":"33","author":"Fudvoye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fudvoye JLopez-Rodriguez DFranssen DParent AS. Endocrine disrupters and possible contribution to pubertal changes. Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism201933101300. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101300)10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101300"},{"key":"bib47","series-title":"Human Reproduction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.1020","article-title":"Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides","volume":"16","author":"Krstevska-Konstantinova","year":"2001","unstructured":"Krstevska-Konstantinova MCharlier CCraen MDu Caju MHeinrichs Cde Beaufort CPlomteux GBourguignon JP. Sexual precocity after immigration from developing countries to Belgium: evidence of previous exposure to organochlorine pesticides. Human Reproduction2001161020\u20131026. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.1020)10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.1020"},{"key":"bib48","series-title":"Human Reproduction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh292","article-title":"In utero exposure to organochlorines and age at menarche","volume":"19","author":"Vasiliu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vasiliu OMuttineni JKarmaus W. In utero exposure to organochlorines and age at menarche. Human Reproduction2004191506\u20131512. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deh292)10.1093\/humrep\/deh292"},{"key":"bib49","series-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8391","article-title":"Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2,4,4,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats","volume":"114","author":"Lilienthal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lilienthal HHack ARoth-Harer AGrande SWTalsness CE. Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2,4,4,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives2006114194\u2013201. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.8391)10.1289\/ehp.8391"},{"key":"bib50","series-title":"Environmental Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.05.016","article-title":"Serum PBDEs and age at menarche in adolescent girls: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132004","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen AChung EDeFranco EAPinney SMDietrich KN. Serum PBDEs and age at menarche in adolescent girls: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132004. Environmental Research2011111831\u2013837. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2011.05.016)10.1016\/j.envres.2011.05.016"},{"key":"bib51","series-title":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1159\/000444586","article-title":"Serum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in girls with premature thelarche","volume":"86","author":"Deodati","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deodati ASallemi AMaranghi FGermani DPuglianiello ABaldari FBusani LMancini FRTassinari RMantovani ASerum levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in girls with premature thelarche. Hormone Research in Paediatrics201686233\u2013239. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000444586)10.1159\/000444586"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Connections"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/ec\/11\/2\/EC-21-0650.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/11\/2\/EC-21-0650.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/11\/2\/EC-21-0650.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:45:19Z","timestamp":1784555119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/ec\/article\/955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ec-21-0650","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-3614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}}}