{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:22:23Z","timestamp":1790112143937,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate markers of premature menopause (&lt;40 years) and specifically the prevalence of autoimmune primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in European women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postmenopausal women were categorized according to age at menopause and self-reported reason for menopause in a cross-sectional analysis of 6870 women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Variables associated with the timing of menopause and hormone measurements of 17\u03b2-estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone were explored using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Specific immunoprecipitating assays of steroidogenic autoantibodies against 21-hydroxylase (21-OH), side-chain cleavage enzyme (anti-SCC) and 17alpha-hydroxylase (17 OH), as well as NACHT leucine-rich-repeat protein 5 were used to identify women with likely autoimmune POI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Premature menopause was identified in 2.8% of women, and these women had higher frequencies of nulliparity (37.4% vs 19.7%), obesity (28.7% vs 21.4%), osteoporosis (17.1% vs 11.6%), hormone replacement therapy (59.1% vs 36.9%) and never smokers (60.1% vs 50.9%) (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), compared to women with menopause \u226540 years. Iatrogenic causes were found in 91 (47%) and non-ovarian causes in 27 (14%) women, while 77 (39%) women were classified as POI of unknown cause, resulting in a 1.1% prevalence of idiopathic POI. After adjustments nulliparity was the only variable significantly associated with POI (odds ratio 2.46; 95% CI 1.63\u20133.42). Based on the presence of autoantibodies against 21 OH and SCC, 4.5% of POI cases were of likely autoimmune origin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Idiopathic POI affects 1.1% of all women and almost half of the women with premature menopause. Autoimmunity explains 4.5% of these cases judged by positive steroidogenic autoantibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-22-0024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T06:54:45Z","timestamp":1651820085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Premature menopause and autoimmune primary ovarian insufficiency in two international multi-center cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9810-987X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elinor Chelsom","family":"Vogt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco G\u00f3mez","family":"Real","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eystein Sverre","family":"Husebye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"K.G. 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University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Demoly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital of Montpellier, IDESP, Univ Montpellier-Inserm, Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl Anders","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leire Sainz","family":"de Aja Gallastegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Health, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier Callejas","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Albacete University Hospital, Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Heinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils Oscar","family":"Jogi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedicte","family":"Leynaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1018, Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Integrative Respiratory Epidemiology Team, Villejuif, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Malinovschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Moratalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pneumology Service of the General University Hospital of 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