{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:47:33Z","timestamp":1790711253037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>High vitamin D deficiency rates, with rickets and osteomalacia, have been common in South Asians (SAs) arriving in Britain since the 1950s with preventable infant deaths from hypocalcaemic status-epilepticus and cardiomyopathy. Vitamin D deficiency increases common SA disorders (type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease), recent trials and non-linear Mendelian randomisation studies having shown deficiency to be causal for both disorders. Ethnic minority, obesity, diabetes and social deprivation are recognised COVID-19 risk factors, but vitamin D deficiency is not, despite convincing mechanistic evidence of it. Adjusting analyses for obesity\/ethnicity abolishes vitamin D deficiency in COVID-19 risk prediction, but both factors lower serum 25(OH)D specifically. Social deprivation inadequately explains increased ethnic minority COVID-19 risks. SA vitamin D deficiency remains uncorrected after 70 years, official bodies using \u2018education\u2019, \u2018assimilation\u2019 and \u2018diet\u2019 as \u2018proxies\u2019 for ethnic differences and increasing pressures to assimilate. Meanwhile, English rickets was abolished from ~1940 by free \u2018welfare foods\u2019 (meat, milk, eggs, cod liver oil), for all pregnant\/nursing mothers and young children (&lt;5 years old). Cod liver oil was withdrawn from antenatal clinics in 1994 (for excessive vitamin A teratogenicity), without alternative provision. The take-up of the 2006 \u2018Healthy-Start\u2019 scheme of food-vouchers for low-income families with young children (&lt;3 years old) has been poor, being inaccessible and poorly publicised. COVID-19 pandemic advice for UK adults in \u2018lockdown\u2019 was \u2018400 IU vitamin D\/day\u2019, inadequate for correcting the deficiency seen winter\/summer at 17.5%\/5.9% in White, 38.5%\/30% in Black and 57.2%\/50.8% in SA people in representative UK Biobank subjects when recruited ~14 years ago and remaining similar in 2018. Vitamin D inadequacy worsens many non-skeletal health risks. Not providing vitamin D for preventing SA rickets and osteomalacia continues to be unacceptable, as deficiency-related health risks increase ethnic health disparities, while abolishing vitamin D deficiency would be easier and more cost-effective than correcting any other factor worsening ethnic minority health in Britain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-22-0234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T13:24:52Z","timestamp":1663939492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency in British South Asians, a persistent but avoidable problem associated with many health risks (including rickets, T2DM, CVD, COVID-19 and pregnancy complications): the case for correcting this deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1206-7555","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara J","family":"Boucher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"BMJ","article-title":"Now is the time for radical action on racial health inequalities","volume":"376","author":"Razai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Razai MSMcKechnie DRao MMajeed A. 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