{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:17:09Z","timestamp":1784557029695,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]],"date-time":"2022-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669852800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We assessed the prevalence of two novel islet autoantibodies, those targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2L3 (UBE2L3) and eukaryote translation elongation factor 1 \u03b11 (eEF1A1), in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) to evaluate their utility in T1DM diagnosis with comparison to other islet autoantibodies. We also aimed to determine whether age and ethnicity impacted their diagnostic value. Electrochemiluminescence assay was used to detect UBE2L3-Ab and eEF1A1-Ab in 193 Chinese Han and 570 American Caucasian subjects with T1DM, and 282 Chinese Han and 199 American Caucasian controls. In Chinese and American cohorts, the UBE2L3-Ab cut-off indices were 0.039 and 0.038, and the eEF1A1-Ab cut-off indices were 0.048 and 0.050, respectively. The prevalence of UBE2L3-Ab was significantly higher in the Chinese (9.33%) and American (3.86%) subjects with T1DM than in the controls (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The prevalence of UBE2L3-Ab in T1DM was significantly higher in Chinese than in American (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Albeit not statistically significant, the prevalence of UBE2L3-Ab in T1DM was slightly higher in children than in adults of both ethnicities. The differences in eEF1A1-Ab levels between subjects with T1DM and controls were not significant. Meanwhile, all American subjects with UBE2L3-Ab also harbored glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA) or insulin autoantibody (IAA). In contrast, 2.07% of the Chinese subjects with UBE2L3-Ab positive were previously classi\ufb01ed as autoantibody-negative based on GADA and IAA. So the prevalence of UBE2L3-Ab in T1DM patients was significantly higher than in controls and was variable according to ethnicity as well as tended to be higher in children than adults. However, UBE2L3-Ab and eEF1A1-Ab may not be reliable diagnostic biomarkers forT1DM.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-22-0325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T11:27:02Z","timestamp":1666610822000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of antibodies targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2L3 and eukaryote translation elongation factor 1 \u03b11 in Chinese Han and American Caucasian populations with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6833-5080","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Li","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6375-3622","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Novartis Foundation Symposium","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470697405.ch7","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes: chronic progressive autoimmune disease","volume":"292","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zhang LGianani RNakayama MLiu EKobayashi MBaschal EYu LBabu SDawson AJohnson K, Type 1 diabetes: chronic progressive autoimmune disease. Novartis Foundation Symposium200829285\u201394; discussion 94\u201388, 122\u2013129, 202\u2013123. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470697405.ch7)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Nature Reviews. Disease Primers","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Katsarou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Katsarou AGudbjornsdottir SRawshani ADabelea DBonifacio EAnderson BJJacobsen LMSchatz DALernmark \u00c5. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nature Reviews. Disease Primers20173 17016. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrdp.2017.16)"},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Current Diabetes Reports","article-title":"Islet autoantibodies","volume":"16","author":"Lampasona","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lampasona VLiberati D. Islet autoantibodies. Current Diabetes Reports201616 53. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-016-0738-2)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4308-1","article-title":"Early prediction of autoimmune (type 1) diabetes","volume":"60","author":"Regnell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Regnell SELernmark \u00c5.Early prediction of autoimmune (type 1) diabetes. Diabetologia2017601370\u20131381. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4308-1)10.1007\/s00125-017-4308-1"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi18-0066","article-title":"The evolving landscape of autoantigen discovery and characterization in Type 1 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Purcell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Purcell AWSechi SDiLorenzo TP. The evolving landscape of autoantigen discovery and characterization in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes201968879\u2013886. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dbi18-0066)10.2337\/dbi18-0066"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1566","article-title":"Identification of novel autoantibodies in type 1 diabetic patients using a high-density protein microarray","volume":"63","author":"Koo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koo BKChae SKim KMKang MJKim EGKwak SHJung HSCho YMChoi SHPark YJ, Identification of novel autoantibodies in type 1 diabetic patients using a high-density protein microarray. Diabetes2014633022\u20133032. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-1566)10.2337\/db13-1566"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2015_296","article-title":"Islet autoantibody detection by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay","volume":"1433","author":"Yu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yu LIslet autoantibody detection by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay. Methods in Molecular Biology2016143385\u201391. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/7651_2015_296)"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"Diabetes and Metabolism Journal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0007","article-title":"Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody detection by electrochemiluminescence assay identifies latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with poor islet function","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu YQian LLiu QZou JZhou YYang THuang GZhou ZLiu Y. Glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody detection by electrochemiluminescence assay identifies latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with poor islet function. Diabetes and Metabolism Journal202044260\u2013266. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2019.0007)10.4093\/dmj.2019.0007"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"PNAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17040","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705894104","article-title":"The cation efflux transporter ZnT8 (Slc30A8) is a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes","volume":"104","author":"Wenzlau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wenzlau JMJuhl KYu LMoua OSarkar SAGottlieb PRewers MEisenbarth GSJensen JDavidson HW, The cation efflux transporter ZnT8 (Slc30A8) is a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes. PNAS200710417040\u201317045. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0705894104)10.1073\/pnas.0705894104"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Diabetes and Metabolism Journal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.2.154","article-title":"The level of autoantibodies targeting eukaryote translation elongation Factor 1 alpha1 and ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme 2L3 in nondiabetic young adults","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim EGKwak SHHwang DYi ECPark KSKoo BKKim KM. The level of autoantibodies targeting eukaryote translation elongation Factor 1 alpha1 and ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme 2L3 in nondiabetic young adults. Diabetes and Metabolism Journal201640154\u2013160. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.2.154)10.4093\/dmj.2016.40.2.154"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Journal of Immunological Methods","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2016.01.011","article-title":"A multiplex assay combining insulin, GAD, IA-2 and transglutaminase autoantibodies to facilitate screening for pre-type 1 diabetes and celiac disease","volume":"430","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhao ZMiao DMichels ASteck ADong FRewers MYu L. A multiplex assay combining insulin, GAD, IA-2 and transglutaminase autoantibodies to facilitate screening for pre-type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. Journal of Immunological Methods201643028\u201332. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jim.2016.01.011)10.1016\/j.jim.2016.01.011"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0534","article-title":"GAD65 autoantibodies detected by electrochemiluminescence assay identify high risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Miao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miao DGuyer KMDong FJiang LSteck AKRewers MEisenbarth GSYu L. GAD65 autoantibodies detected by electrochemiluminescence assay identify high risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes2013624174\u20134178. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-0534)10.2337\/db13-0534"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Journal of Clinical and Cellular Immunology","article-title":"Islet autoantibody detection by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay","volume":"8","author":"Gu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gu YZhao ZHigh HYang TYu L. Islet autoantibody detection by electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay. Journal of Clinical and Cellular Immunology20178. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2155-9899.1000531)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"EMBO Journal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7151","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.24.7151","article-title":"The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: on protein death and cell life","volume":"17","author":"Ciechanover","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ciechanover AThe ubiquitin-proteasome pathway: on protein death and cell life.EMBO Journal1998177151\u20137160. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/emboj\/17.24.7151)10.1093\/emboj\/17.24.7151"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"PNAS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.8.4463","article-title":"The lethal mutation of the mouse wasted (wst) is a deletion that abolishes expression of a tissue-specific isoform of translation elongation factor 1alpha, encoded by the Eef1a2 gene","volume":"95","author":"Chambers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chambers DMPeters JAbbott CM. The lethal mutation of the mouse wasted (wst) is a deletion that abolishes expression of a tissue-specific isoform of translation elongation factor 1alpha, encoded by the Eef1a2 gene. PNAS1998954463\u20134468. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.8.4463)10.1073\/pnas.95.8.4463"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"European Journal of Biochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18064.x","article-title":"Tissue-dependent variation in the expression of elongation factor-1 alpha isoforms: isolation and characterisation of a cDNA encoding a novel variant of human elongation-factor 1 alpha","volume":"215","author":"Knudsen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Knudsen SMFrydenberg JClark BFLeffers H. Tissue-dependent variation in the expression of elongation factor-1 alpha isoforms: isolation and characterisation of a cDNA encoding a novel variant of human elongation-factor 1 alpha. European Journal of Biochemistry1993215549\u2013554. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18064.x)10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18064.x"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24064","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)35946-5","article-title":"Tissue-specific expression in mammalian brain, heart, and muscle of S1, a member of the elongation factor-1 alpha gene family","volume":"267","author":"Lee","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lee SFrancoeur AMLiu SWang E. Tissue-specific expression in mammalian brain, heart, and muscle of S1, a member of the elongation factor-1 alpha gene family. Journal of Biological Chemistry199226724064\u201324068. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9258(1835946-5)10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)35946-5"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Human Molecular Genetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3482","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq264","article-title":"Analysis of SNPs with an effect on gene expression identifies UBE2L3 and BCL3 as potential new risk genes for Crohn's disease","volume":"19","author":"Fransen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fransen KVisschedijk MCvan Sommeren SFu JYFranke LFesten EAMStokkers PCFvan Bodegraven AACrusius JBAHommes DW, Analysis of SNPs with an effect on gene expression identifies UBE2L3 and BCL3 as potential new risk genes for Crohn's disease. Human Molecular Genetics2010193482\u20133488. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddq264)10.1093\/hmg\/ddq264"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Nature Genetics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.81","article-title":"Genome-wide association scan in women with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM, PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci","volume":"40","author":"Harley","year":"2008","unstructured":"International Consortium for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Genetics (SLEGEN), Harley JBAlarc\u00f3n-Riquelme MECriswell LAJacob COKimberly RPMoser KLTsao BPVyse TJLangefeld CD, Genome-wide association scan in women with systemic lupus erythematosus identifies susceptibility variants in ITGAM, PXK, KIAA1542 and other loci. Nature Genetics200840204\u2013210. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.81)10.1038\/ng.81"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.137174","article-title":"Study of the common genetic background for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"70","author":"Orozco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orozco GEyre SHinks ABowes JMorgan AWWilson AGWordsworth PSteer SHocking LUKRAG consortium. Study of the common genetic background for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases201170463\u2013468. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2010.137174)10.1136\/ard.2010.137174"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Connections"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/ec\/11\/12\/EC-22-0325.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/11\/12\/EC-22-0325.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/11\/12\/EC-22-0325.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T13:45:51Z","timestamp":1784555151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/ec\/article\/1078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ec-22-0325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-3614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,1]]}}}