{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:16:57Z","timestamp":1784557017034,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) has increased worldwide over the last decades, mainly due to the lowering of screening thresholds, resulting in the increased identification of newborns with transient CH. Several studies have reported the prevalence and the predictive parameters of transient CH, but reports on the long-term outcome are rare. This study aimed to assess the long-term course of neonates with transient CH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neonates diagnosed with transient and permanent CH between the years 1998 and 2018 at the Pediatric Endocrine Institute of Ha\u2019Emek Medical Center were enrolled in the study. Data were retrieved retrospectively from medical files.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 76 newborns (45M, 59%) with transient CH and 53 (25M, 47%) with permanent CH were included in the study. The major causes of transient CH were prematurity (29%) and subclinical hypothyroidism (30%). During retrospective follow-ups of up to 23 years, reinitiation of levothyroxine therapy was not required, apart from four patients with underlying syndromic etiologies. Neurodevelopmental impairment occurred in 16% of children with transient CH compared with 29.4% in the permanent CH group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transient CH is frequent among preterm infants but is generally limited to infancy. Subclinical hypothyroidism frequently presents as overt hypothyroidism at birth, but in most cases, the requirement for levothyroxine supplemental therapy is limited to the first years of life, suggesting that long-term follow-up of thyroid function tests may be unnecessary for non-syndromic children. The high rate of neurodevelopmental impairment in newborns with transient CH emphasizes the need for neurodevelopmental monitoring in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A high rate of transient CH has been identified over the past decades following the lowering of TSH screening thresholds. The long-term outcome of transient CH has been evaluated in a few studies with inconclusive results. In the current study, we assessed the long-term outcomes of transient CH for up to 23 years. We found that 29% of cases were attributed to prematurity and 30% to subclinical hypothyroidism. No morphological anomalies were identified. Only syndromic patients (three with Down syndrome and one with Coffin-Lowry syndrome) required levothyroxine supplemental therapy at the time of the study, indicating that long-term thyroid function monitoring may be unnecessary. The high prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairment suggests the need for close neurodevelopmental monitoring in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-24-0316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T14:05:52Z","timestamp":1729087552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The natural course of newborns with transient congenital hypothyroidism"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tal","family":"Almagor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha\u2019Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shlomo","family":"Almashanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Newborn Screening Program, Ministry of Health, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghadir","family":"Elias-Assad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Center, Clalit Health Services, Northern Region, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osnat","family":"Admoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Center, Clalit Health Services, Northern Region, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Ludar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Health Center, Clalit Health Services, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shira","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Health Center, Clalit Health Services, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoshana","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Center, Clalit Health Services, Northern Region, Israel"},{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Northern Health Center, Poria, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha\u2019Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naama","family":"Shwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-6079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yardena","family":"Tenenbaum-Rakover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel"},{"name":"Children's Endocrinology Consulting Center, Clalit Health Services, Afula, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics","first-page":"253","article-title":"Changes in the incidence and etiology of congenital hypothyroidism detected during 30 years of a screening program in central Serbia","volume":"175","author":"Mitrovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mitrovic KVukovic RMilenkovic TTodorovic SRadivojcevic J & Zdravkovic D. 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