{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:19:59Z","timestamp":1783441199504,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":280,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An intracavernous internal carotid artery constriction or occlusion (ICAc\/o) has been considered an extremely rare finding in autoimmune hypophysitis (AiHy). This study aimed to analyse predictive factors for the occurrence of ICAc\/o in AiHy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective analysis of three of our own cases and 16 published cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 15 surgically treated patients with AiHy, we identified three cases with ICAc\/o via time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF MRA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA). In addition, 16 published cases with AiHy and ICAc\/o were identified via the literature search. Clinical features, treatment, and outcomes were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TOF MRA revealed complete bilateral ICA occlusion (ICAo) in case 1 and incomplete bilateral ICA constriction (ICAc) in case 2. In the third case, left-sided ICAo was confirmed by CTA. None of our three patients with AiHy complicated by ICAc\/o suffered brain infarction or neurological deficits. All three cases exhibited a parasellar T2 dark sign and strong dural enhancement. With our three cases included, seven of 19 published cases (36.8%) showed complete bilateral ICAo. Among these, four presented with ischaemic stroke. Eight of 19 patients (42.1%) presented with cranial nerve palsy. While all patients presented with hypopituitarism, only five had arginine vasopressin (AVP) deficiency. Interestingly, 11 patients had a recurrent course of hypophysitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ICAc\/o caused by AiHy appears to be more frequent than previously reported. Special attention should be paid to the carotid arteries in AiHy because of the potentially deleterious complication of ICAc\/o. Cranial nerve palsy, a parasellar T2 dark sign, strong perisellar dural enhancement, and a recurrent course of hypophysitis can be considered warning signs of the occurrence of ICAc\/o.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-25-0120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T06:00:59Z","timestamp":1746684059000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carotid artery constriction in autoimmune hypophysitis: three case reports and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sasan Darius","family":"Adib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of T\u00fcbingen 1 , ,","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, RKH Krankenhaus Bietigheim-Vaihingen 2 , ,","place":["Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Ruh-Daikeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicover Stuttgart MVZ 3 , ,","place":["Stuttgart, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudi","family":"Beschorner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University of T\u00fcbingen 4 , ,","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Bornemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, University of T\u00fcbingen 4 , ,","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Hennersdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University 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