{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:22:19Z","timestamp":1783441339170,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":132,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the phenotypic associations of menstrual traits, such as age at menarche (AAM) and age at natural menopause (ANM), with bone mineral density (BMD) have been well observed, the understanding of their shared genetic mechanisms is lacking. We aimed to systematically explore the underlying genetic basis connecting AAM and ANM with BMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis by leveraging summary statistics from the hitherto largest genome-wide association studies conducted among the European population for AAM (n = 556,124), ANM (n = 201,323), and heel estimated BMD (eBMD, n = 426,824), a robust validated predictor of osteoporosis risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified significant genetic correlations for eBMD with both AAM (rg = \u22120.082, P = 1.83 \u00d7 10\u22128) and ANM (rg = 0.044, P = 0.007). Cross-trait meta-analysis yielded 203 AAM-eBMD shared loci, of which 3 were novel and 77 ANM-eBMD shared loci, of which two were novel. Gene-based analysis revealed 409 AAM-eBMD shared genes and 179 ANM-eBMD shared genes. Mendelian randomization demonstrated that genetically predicted later AAM (\u03b2 = \u22120.054, 95% CI = \u22120.069 to \u22120.040, P = 6.08 \u00d7 10\u221214) and genetically predicted earlier ANM (\u03b2 = 0.010, 95% CI = 0.004\u20130.017, P = 0.003) were significantly associated with decreased levels of eBMD. No evidence of reverse causality was found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our work provides evidence in support of a substantial shared genetic basis and causal relationships between menstrual traits and BMD. The findings could be instrumental in developing risk stratification strategies and formulating novel pharmaceutical interventions for osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Strengths and limitations of the study<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-25-0278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T12:26:49Z","timestamp":1760358409000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome-wide insights of shared genetic architecture between menstrual traits and bone mineral density"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5872-886X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bowen","family":"Lei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longquanyi District of Chengdu Maternity and Child Care Health Hospital 2 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingli","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingshuang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqiu","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteoporosis, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 3 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteoporosis, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 3 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteoporosis, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 3 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteoporosis, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 3 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Osteoporosis, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 3 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 4 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 4 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Hainan General Hospital and Hainan Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University 5 , ,","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 1 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 6 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet 7 , ,","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiping","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University 8 , , ,","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-3997-0","article-title":"Bone mineral density among Korean females aged 20\u201350 years: influence of age at menarche (The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008\u20132011)","volume":"28","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03520-2","article-title":"Association between age at menarche and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1828","article-title":"Menopause, reproductive life, hormone replacement therapy, and bone phenotype at age 60\u201364 years: a British birth cohort","volume":"101","author":"Kuh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e561","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab690","article-title":"Associations of age at menopause with postmenopausal bone mineral density and fracture risk in women","volume":"107","author":"Shieh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.07.004","article-title":"Investigating asthma heterogeneity through shared and distinct genetics: insights from genome-wide cross-trait analysis","volume":"147","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3321","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac248","article-title":"The impact of endogenous estrogen exposure duration on fracture incidence: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"107","author":"Farahmand","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","article-title":"An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits","volume":"47","author":"Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib8","article-title":"Assessment of the genetic and clinical determinants of fracture risk: genome wide association and mendelian randomisation study","volume":"362","author":"Trajanoska","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.09.015","article-title":"Age at menarche and osteoporosis: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.3320","article-title":"Genetically determined later puberty impacts lowered bone mineral density in childhood and adulthood","volume":"33","author":"Cousminer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03779-7","article-title":"Genetic insights into biological mechanisms governing human ovarian ageing","volume":"596","author":"Ruth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3841","article-title":"Genomic analyses identify hundreds of variants associated with age at menarche and support a role for puberty timing in cancer risk","volume":"49","author":"Day","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0302-x","article-title":"An atlas of genetic influences on osteoporosis in humans and mice","volume":"51","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3412","article-title":"Large-scale genomic analyses link reproductive aging to hypothalamic signaling, breast cancer susceptibility and BRCA1-mediated DNA repair","volume":"47","author":"Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.48","article-title":"A look behind the scenes: the risk and pathogenesis of primary osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Hendrickx","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu283","article-title":"Multivariable Mendelian randomization: the use of pleiotropic genetic variants to estimate causal effects","volume":"181","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01798-4","article-title":"Understanding the genetic complexity of puberty timing across the allele frequency spectrum","volume":"56","author":"Kentistou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02478-w","article-title":"SUPERGNOVA: local genetic correlation analysis reveals heterogeneous etiologic sharing of complex traits","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.11.011","article-title":"Meta-analysis of correlated traits via summary statistics from GWASs with an application in hypertension","volume":"96","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","article-title":"PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses","volume":"81","author":"Purcell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D933","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac958","article-title":"Ensembl 2023","volume":"51","author":"Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D950","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1008","article-title":"3DSNP 2.0: update and expansion of the noncoding genomic variant annotation database","volume":"50","author":"Quan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1004383","article-title":"Bayesian test for colocalisation between pairs of genetic association studies using summary statistics","volume":"10","author":"Giambartolomei","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13835","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants","volume":"518","author":"Farh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004219","article-title":"MAGMA: generalized gene-set analysis of GWAS data","volume":"11","author":"de Leeuw","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W199","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz401","article-title":"WebGestalt 2019: gene set analysis toolkit with revamped UIs and APIs","volume":"47","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01261-5","article-title":"Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA","volume":"8","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-015-0011-z","article-title":"Using published data in Mendelian randomization: a blueprint for efficient identification of causal risk factors","volume":"30","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0099-7","article-title":"Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases","volume":"50","author":"Verbanck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy327","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for body fat distribution in 694 649 individuals of European ancestry","volume":"28","author":"Pulit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002678","article-title":"Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"50","author":"Wootton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0120-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of habitual physical activity in over 377,000 UK Biobank participants identifies multiple variants including CADM2 and APOE","volume":"42","author":"Klimentidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","article-title":"Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.714","article-title":"Thirty new loci for age at menarche identified by a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies","volume":"42","author":"Elks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13545","article-title":"Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche","volume":"514","author":"Perry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab377","article-title":"Joint genome-wide association analyses identified 49 novel loci for age at natural menopause","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.11.008","article-title":"Leveraging polygenic functional enrichment to improve GWAS power","volume":"104","author":"Kichaev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2023.194992","article-title":"The functions of FOXP transcription factors and their regulation by post-translational modifications","volume":"1866","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gene Regul Mech"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20204008","article-title":"FOXP4-AS1 is a favorable prognostic-related enhancer RNA in ovarian cancer","volume":"41","author":"Hua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.718876","article-title":"LncRNA FOXP4-AS1 promotes progression of ewing sarcoma and is associated with immune infiltrates","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib43","article-title":"FOXP4-AS1 inhibits papillary thyroid carcinoma proliferation and migration through the AKT signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02826-x","article-title":"High expression of PTPRM predicts poor prognosis and promotes tumor growth and lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-023-01220-3","article-title":"Role of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type M in epithelial ovarian cancer progression","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00711-1","article-title":"The musculoskeletal knowledge portal: improving access to multi-omics data","volume":"18","author":"Westendorf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000849","article-title":"Bone mass accrual in children","volume":"31","author":"Rodrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02188-x","article-title":"Causal role of high body mass index in multiple chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"19","author":"Larsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14831","article-title":"Causal relationships between birth weight, childhood obesity and age at menarche: a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1120365","article-title":"The role of WNT10B in physiology and disease: a 10-year update","volume":"11","author":"Perkins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.081106","article-title":"Association analysis of WNT10B with bone mass and structure among individuals of African ancestry","volume":"24","author":"Zmuda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9869-7","article-title":"Genetic association study of WNT10B polymorphisms with BMD and adiposity parameters in Danish and Belgian males","volume":"44","author":"Van Camp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39295-7","article-title":"NBEAL2 deficiency in humans leads to low CTLA-4 expression in activated conventional T cells","volume":"14","author":"Delage","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib54","article-title":"Methyltransferase Setd2 prevents T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases via phospholipid remodeling","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12050694","article-title":"AIF1: function and connection with inflammatory diseases","volume":"12","author":"De Leon-Oliva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1061-7","article-title":"Systematic protein-protein interaction and pathway analyses in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"18","author":"Parkes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2020.1860388","article-title":"MHC class III RNA binding proteins and immunity","volume":"18","author":"Schott","year":"2021","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600567113","article-title":"Conserved 33-kb haplotype in the MHC class III region regulates chronic arthritis","volume":"113","author":"Yau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202076","article-title":"Identification of the NF-\u03baB activating protein-like locus as a risk locus for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"72","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02419-9","article-title":"Transcriptome-wide association study identifies susceptibility genes for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41929","article-title":"Contribution of rare genetic variation to disease susceptibility in a large Scandinavian myositis cohort","volume":"74","author":"Bianchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102382","article-title":"Innate immunity as the trigger of systemic autoimmune diseases","volume":"110","author":"Saferding","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201100160","article-title":"Regulation of innate immune signalling pathways by the tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins","volume":"3","author":"Kawai","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.05.009","article-title":"TRIM38 regulates NF-\u03baB activation through TAB2 degradation in osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-023-00296-3","article-title":"Trim21 depletion alleviates bone loss in osteoporosis via activation of YAP1\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone Res"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-09-0065","article-title":"Regulation of GNRH production by estrogen and bone morphogenetic proteins in GT1-7 hypothalamic cells","volume":"203","author":"Otani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab015","article-title":"The relationship between bone and reproductive hormones beyond estrogens and androgens","volume":"42","author":"Mills","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2021.05.014","article-title":"Interaction between bone and immune cells: implications for postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"123","author":"Fischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib69","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Osteoporosis: pathophysiology and therapeutic options","volume":"19","author":"F\u00f6ger-Samwald","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"2026070711010988700_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00036.2016","article-title":"Osteoimmunology: the conceptual framework unifying the immune and skeletal systems","volume":"97","author":"Okamoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Connections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/ec\/14\/10\/EC-25-0278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/14\/10\/EC-25-0278.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/ec\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/EC-25-0278\/9839\/ec-25-0278.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/ec\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/EC-25-0278\/9839\/ec-25-0278.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T15:34:13Z","timestamp":1783438453000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/ec\/article\/14\/10\/e250278\/1443\/Genome-wide-insights-of-shared-genetic"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ec-25-0278","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-3614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"article-number":"e250278"}}