{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:19:43Z","timestamp":1785795583637,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["R01-HD098059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HD098059"]}]},{"name":"Department of Defense\u2019s Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","award":["HT9425-24-1-0254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-24-1-0254"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs) are master regulators of nuclear receptor signaling and play essential roles in female reproductive physiology. By integrating steroid hormone signaling with growth factors and metabolic pathways, SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3 coordinate key processes such as decidualization, placental development, and ovarian function. Dysregulation of SRCs is strongly linked to the progression of benign gynecologic disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and uterine fibroids, largely through enhancing hormonal hypersensitivity and disrupting nuclear receptor\u2013mediated cellular pathways. Emerging evidence further implicates specific SRC isoforms in disease pathogenesis, underscoring their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. To inhibit SRC activity, natural compounds (e.g., gossypol, bufalin, verrucarin A) and synthetic small molecules (e.g., SI-2, SI-12, MCB-613) have been developed, demonstrating preclinical efficacy across several human diseases. However, their application in benign reproductive disorders remains largely unexplored. This review summarizes current knowledge of SRC biology in benign gynecologic disorders, outlines their mechanistic roles in disease progression, and highlights opportunities for clinical translation. Targeting SRCs may ultimately represent a novel, nonhormonal, fertility-preserving therapeutic strategy in women\u2019s health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-25-0631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T13:06:19Z","timestamp":1761224779000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Targeting steroid receptor coactivators for the treatment of benign female reproductive disorders"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuri","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaeyeong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunsu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuri","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3692-6756","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sang Jun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"38743","article-title":"Steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family: masters of systems biology","volume":"285","author":"York B","year":"2010","unstructured":"York B\n & \nO\u2019Malley BW\n\n. Steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family: masters of systems biology. J Biol Chem 2010 285 38743\u201338750. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.r110.193367)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"4188","article-title":"Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct. 3. Chromatin acceptor sites","volume":"246","author":"Spelsberg TC","year":"1971","unstructured":"Spelsberg TC\n, \nSteggles AW\n & \nO\u2019Malley BW\n\n. Progesterone-binding components of chick oviduct. 3. Chromatin acceptor sites. J Biol Chem 1971 246 4188\u20134197."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"J Neuroendocrinol","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Nuclear receptor coactivators: regulators of steroid action in brain and behaviour","volume":"25","author":"Tetel MJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tetel MJ\n & \nAcharya KD\n\n. Nuclear receptor coactivators: regulators of steroid action in brain and behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol 2013 25 1209\u20131218. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.12065)"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Steroids","first-page":"39","article-title":"Nuclear receptor modulation \u2013 role of coregulators in selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) actions","volume":"90","author":"Feng Q","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feng Q\n & \nO\u2019Malley BW\n\n. Nuclear receptor modulation \u2013 role of coregulators in selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) actions. Steroids 2014 90 39\u201343. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.06.008)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Mol Cell","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Structure of a biologically active estrogen receptor-coactivator complex on DNA","volume":"57","author":"Yi P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yi P\n, \nWang Z\n, \nFeng Q\n, et al.\n Structure of a biologically active estrogen receptor-coactivator complex on DNA. Mol Cell 2015 57 1047\u20131058. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.01.025)"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Sci STKE","article-title":"Rapid actions of steroid receptors in cellular signaling pathways","volume":"2002","author":"Cato AC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Cato AC\n, \nNestl A\n & \nMink S\n\n. Rapid actions of steroid receptors in cellular signaling pathways. Sci STKE 2002 2002 re9. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/stke.2002.138.re9)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Mol Cell","first-page":"321","article-title":"SRC-3Delta4 mediates the interaction of EGFR with FAK to promote cell migration","volume":"37","author":"Long W","year":"2010","unstructured":"Long W\n, \nYi P\n, \nAmazit L\n, et al.\n SRC-3Delta4 mediates the interaction of EGFR with FAK to promote cell migration. Mol Cell 2010 37 321\u2013332. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molcel.2010.01.004)"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Expression patterns of the steroid receptor coactivator family in human ovarian endometriosis","volume":"37","author":"Kumagami A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kumagami A\n, \nIto A\n, \nYoshida-Komiya H\n, et al\n. Expression patterns of the steroid receptor coactivator family in human ovarian endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2011 37 1269\u20131276. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2010.01509.x)"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"871","article-title":"Cyclic changes in the expression of steroid receptor coactivators and corepressors in the normal human endometrium","volume":"88","author":"Shiozawa T","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shiozawa T\n, \nShih HC\n, \nMiyamoto T\n, et al.\n Cyclic changes in the expression of steroid receptor coactivators and corepressors in the normal human endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003 88 871\u2013878. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-020946)"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2960","article-title":"Steroid receptor coactivator expression throughout the menstrual cycle in normal and abnormal endometrium","volume":"87","author":"Gregory CW","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gregory CW\n, \nWilson EM\n, \nApparao KB\n, et al.\n Steroid receptor coactivator expression throughout the menstrual cycle in normal and abnormal endometrium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002 87 2960\u20132966. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.87.6.2960)"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1922","article-title":"Partial hormone resistance in mice with disruption of the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) gene","volume":"279","author":"Xu J","year":"1998","unstructured":"Xu J\n, \nQiu Y\n, \nDeMayo FJ\n, et al.\n Partial hormone resistance in mice with disruption of the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) gene. Science 1998 279 1922\u20131925. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.279.5358.1922)"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"Mol Cell Biol","first-page":"5923","article-title":"The function of TIF2\/GRIP1 in mouse reproduction is distinct from those of SRC-1 and p\/CIP","volume":"22","author":"Gehin M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gehin M\n, \nMark M\n, \nDennefeld C\n, et al.\n The function of TIF2\/GRIP1 in mouse reproduction is distinct from those of SRC-1 and p\/CIP. Mol Cell Biol 2002 22 5923\u20135937. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mcb.22.16.5923-5937.2002)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Mol Cell Biol","first-page":"6571","article-title":"Steroid receptor coactivator 2 is critical for progesterone-dependent uterine function and mammary morphogenesis in the mouse","volume":"26","author":"Mukherjee A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mukherjee A\n, \nSoyal SM\n, \nFernandez-Valdivia R\n, et al.\n Steroid receptor coactivator 2 is critical for progesterone-dependent uterine function and mammary morphogenesis in the mouse. Mol Cell Biol 2006 26 6571\u20136583. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mcb.00654-06)"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"6379","article-title":"The steroid receptor coactivator SRC-3 (p\/CIP\/RAC3\/AIB1\/ACTR\/TRAM-1) is required for normal growth, puberty, female reproductive function, and mammary gland development","volume":"97","author":"Xu J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xu J\n, \nLiao L\n, \nNing G\n, et al.\n The steroid receptor coactivator SRC-3 (p\/CIP\/RAC3\/AIB1\/ACTR\/TRAM-1) is required for normal growth, puberty, female reproductive function, and mammary gland development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000 97 6379\u20136384. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.120166297)"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol","first-page":"32","article-title":"Steroid receptor coactivators as therapeutic targets in the female reproductive system","volume":"154","author":"Szwarc MM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Szwarc MM\n, \nLydon JP\n & \nO\u2019Malley BW\n\n. Steroid receptor coactivators as therapeutic targets in the female reproductive system. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015 154 32\u201338. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.06.010)"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Mol Cell Biol","first-page":"8150","article-title":"Dynamic cell type specificity of SRC-1 coactivator in modulating uterine progesterone receptor function in mice","volume":"25","author":"Han SJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Han SJ\n, \nJeong J\n, \nDemayo FJ\n, et al.\n Dynamic cell type specificity of SRC-1 coactivator in modulating uterine progesterone receptor function in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2005 25 8150\u20138165. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mcb.25.18.8150-8165.2005)"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"4238","article-title":"The p160 steroid receptor coactivator 2, SRC-2, regulates murine endometrial function and regulates progesterone-independent and -dependent gene expression","volume":"148","author":"Jeong JW","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jeong JW\n, \nLee KY\n, \nHan SJ\n, et al.\n The p160 steroid receptor coactivator 2, SRC-2, regulates murine endometrial function and regulates progesterone-independent and -dependent gene expression. Endocrinology 2007 148 4238\u20134250. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2007-0122)"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"PLoS Genet","article-title":"Acceleration of the glycolytic flux by steroid receptor coactivator-2 is essential for endometrial decidualization","volume":"9","author":"Kommagani R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kommagani R\n, \nSzwarc MM\n, \nKovanci E\n, et al.\n Acceleration of the glycolytic flux by steroid receptor coactivator-2 is essential for endometrial decidualization. PLoS Genet 2013 9 e1003900. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003900)"},{"key":"bib19","series-title":"Cell Commun Signal","first-page":"385","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming and heterogeneity during the decidualization process of endometrial stromal cells","volume":"22","author":"Jia Z","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia Z\n, \nWei Y\n, \nZhang Y\n, et al.\n Metabolic reprogramming and heterogeneity during the decidualization process of endometrial stromal cells. Cell Commun Signal 2024 22 385. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12964-024-01763-y)"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Front Endocrinol","article-title":"Glucose metabolism and endometrium decidualization","volume":"16","author":"Huang Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Y\n, \nZhu Q\n & \nSun Y\n\n. Glucose metabolism and endometrium decidualization. Front Endocrinol 2025 16 1546335. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1546335)"},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"Front Reprod Health","article-title":"Decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells requires steroid receptor coactivator-3","volume":"4","author":"Maurya VK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maurya VK\n, \nSzwarc MM\n, \nLonard DM\n, et al.\n Decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells requires steroid receptor coactivator-3. Front Reprod Health 2022 4 1033581. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frph.2022.1033581)"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Mol Endocrinol","first-page":"1917","article-title":"The cooperative function of nuclear receptor coactivator 1 (NCOA1) and NCOA3 in placental development and embryo survival","volume":"24","author":"Chen X","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen X\n, \nLiu Z\n & \nXu J\n\n. The cooperative function of nuclear receptor coactivator 1 (NCOA1) and NCOA3 in placental development and embryo survival. Mol Endocrinol 2010 24 1917\u20131934. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2010-0201)"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"J Mol Endocrinol","first-page":"239","article-title":"Interaction of steroid receptor coactivators and estrogen receptors in the human placenta","volume":"56","author":"Kim SC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim SC\n, \nPark MN\n, \nLee YJ\n, et al.\n Interaction of steroid receptor coactivators and estrogen receptors in the human placenta. J Mol Endocrinol 2016 56 239\u2013247. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/jme-15-0248)"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"Cells","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Human extravillous trophoblasts require SRC-2 for sustained viability, migration, and invasion","volume":"14","author":"Maurya VK","year":"2025","unstructured":"Maurya VK\n, \nPopli P\n, \nNikolai BC\n, et al.\n Human extravillous trophoblasts require SRC-2 for sustained viability, migration, and invasion. Cells 2025 14 1024. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14131024)"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced downregulation of SRC-3 suppresses trophoblastic invasion and migration through inhibition of the AKT\/mTOR pathway: implications for the pathogenesis of preeclampsia","volume":"9","author":"He C","year":"2019","unstructured":"He C\n, \nShan N\n, \nXu P\n, et al.\n Hypoxia-induced downregulation of SRC-3 suppresses trophoblastic invasion and migration through inhibition of the AKT\/mTOR pathway: implications for the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Sci Rep 2019 9 10349. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46699-3)"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"Nucl Recept Signal","article-title":"Steroid receptor coactivator 2 is required for female fertility and mammary morphogenesis: insights from the mouse, relevance to the human","volume":"5","author":"Mukherjee A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mukherjee A\n, \nAmato P\n, \nAllred DC\n, et al.\n Steroid receptor coactivator 2 is required for female fertility and mammary morphogenesis: insights from the mouse, relevance to the human. Nucl Recept Signal 2007 5 e011. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1621\/nrs.05011)"},{"key":"bib27","series-title":"Fertil Steril","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Evaluation of steroid receptors, coregulators, and molecules associated with uterine receptivity in secretory endometria from untreated women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"85","author":"Quezada S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Quezada S\n, \nAvellaira C\n, \nJohnson MC\n, et al.\n Evaluation of steroid receptors, coregulators, and molecules associated with uterine receptivity in secretory endometria from untreated women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2006 85 1017\u20131026. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.09.053)"},{"key":"bib28","series-title":"Front Endocrinol","article-title":"PCOS and role of cumulus gene expression in assessing oocytes quality","volume":"13","author":"Sayutti N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sayutti N\n, \nAbu MA\n & \nAhmad MF\n\n. PCOS and role of cumulus gene expression in assessing oocytes quality. Front Endocrinol 2022 13 843867. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.843867)"},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"3523","article-title":"Altered gene expression profile in cumulus cells of mature MII oocytes from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Haouzi D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haouzi D\n, \nAssou S\n, \nMonzo C\n, et al.\n Altered gene expression profile in cumulus cells of mature MII oocytes from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2012 27 3523\u20133530. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/des325)"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"1454","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, current management, and future therapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Singh S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh S\n, \nPal N\n, \nShubham S\n, et al.\n Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, current management, and future therapeutics. J Clin Med 2023 12 1454. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12041454)"},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"16689","article-title":"Dysfunction of human estrogen signaling as a novel molecular signature of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Marie C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marie C\n, \nPierre A\n, \nMayeur A\n, et al.\n Dysfunction of human estrogen signaling as a novel molecular signature of polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023 24 16689. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242316689)"},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"J Ovarian Res","first-page":"42","article-title":"SRC involves in lysosomal function and regulates ferroptosis in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Wang T","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang T\n, \nChen X\n & \nLi C\n\n. SRC involves in lysosomal function and regulates ferroptosis in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Ovarian Res 2025 18 42. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13048-025-01637-y)"},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"Endocr Rev","first-page":"1048","article-title":"Endometriosis","volume":"40","author":"Bulun SE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bulun SE\n, \nYilmaz BD\n, \nSison C\n, et al.\n Endometriosis. Endocr Rev 2019 40 1048\u20131079. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2018-00242)"},{"key":"bib34","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"1102","article-title":"A new isoform of steroid receptor coactivator-1 is crucial for pathogenic progression of endometriosis","volume":"18","author":"Han SJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Han SJ\n, \nHawkins SM\n, \nBegum K\n, et al.\n A new isoform of steroid receptor coactivator-1 is crucial for pathogenic progression of endometriosis. Nat Med 2012 18 1102\u20131111. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.2826)"},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Reproduction","first-page":"847","article-title":"The role of SRC1 and SRC2 in steroid-induced SDF1 expression in normal and ectopic endometrium","volume":"147","author":"Shi X","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shi X\n, \nXu W\n, \nDai HH\n, et al.\n The role of SRC1 and SRC2 in steroid-induced SDF1 expression in normal and ectopic endometrium. Reproduction 2014 147 847\u2013853. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/rep-14-0027)"},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"Biol Reprod","first-page":"4","article-title":"Pharmacological blockage of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in endometriosis leads to contrasting effects in proliferation, migration, and invasion","volume":"98","author":"Ruiz A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruiz A\n, \nRuiz L\n, \nCol\u00f3n-Caraballo M\n, et al.\n Pharmacological blockage of the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis in endometriosis leads to contrasting effects in proliferation, migration, and invasion. Biol Reprod 2018 98 4\u201314. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biolre\/iox152)"},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"960","article-title":"Estrogen receptor beta modulates apoptosis complexes and the inflammasome to drive the pathogenesis of endometriosis","volume":"163","author":"Han SJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Han SJ\n, \nJung SY\n, \nWu SP\n, et al.\n Estrogen receptor beta modulates apoptosis complexes and the inflammasome to drive the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Cell 2015 163 960\u2013974. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.034)"},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Endocrinology","first-page":"3960","article-title":"Role of estrogen receptor signaling required for endometriosis-like lesion establishment in a mouse model","volume":"153","author":"Burns KA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Burns KA\n, \nRodriguez KF\n, \nHewitt SC\n, et al.\n Role of estrogen receptor signaling required for endometriosis-like lesion establishment in a mouse model. Endocrinology 2012 153 3960\u20133971. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/en.2012-1294)"},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"3441","article-title":"Steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3\/AIB1) is enriched and functional in mouse and human tregs","volume":"11","author":"Nikolai BC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nikolai BC\n, \nJain P\n, \nCardenas DL\n, et al.\n Steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3\/AIB1) is enriched and functional in mouse and human tregs. Sci Rep 2021 11 3441. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-82945-3)"},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol","first-page":"13","article-title":"Hormones and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids","volume":"34","author":"Reis FM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reis FM\n, \nBloise E\n & \nOrtiga-Carvalho TM\n\n. Hormones and pathogenesis of uterine fibroids. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2016 34 13\u201324. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2015.11.015)"},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"E572","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates expression of sex steroid receptors in human uterine fibroid cells","volume":"100","author":"Al-Hendy A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Hendy A\n, \nDiamond MP\n, \nEl-Sohemy A\n, et al.\n 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates expression of sex steroid receptors in human uterine fibroid cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015 100 E572\u2013E582. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2014-4011)"},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"Mod Pathol","first-page":"179","article-title":"Expression profile of tuberin and some potential tumorigenic factors in 60 patients with uterine leiomyomata","volume":"18","author":"Wei J","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wei J\n, \nChiriboga L\n, \nMizuguchi M\n, et al.\n Expression profile of tuberin and some potential tumorigenic factors in 60 patients with uterine leiomyomata. Mod Pathol 2005 18 179\u2013188. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/modpathol.3800283)"},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer","first-page":"204","article-title":"Reduced dermatopontin expression is a molecular link between uterine leiomyomas and keloids","volume":"40","author":"Catherino WH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Catherino WH\n, \nLeppert PC\n, \nStenmark MH\n, et al.\n Reduced dermatopontin expression is a molecular link between uterine leiomyomas and keloids. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2004 40 204\u2013217. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gcc.20035)"},{"key":"bib44","series-title":"Mol Hum Reprod","first-page":"770","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta expression in microvascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of myometrium and leiomyoma","volume":"8","author":"Gargett CE","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gargett CE\n, \nBucak K\n, \nZaitseva M\n, et al.\n Estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta expression in microvascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of myometrium and leiomyoma. Mol Hum Reprod 2002 8 770\u2013775. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molehr\/8.8.770)"},{"key":"bib45","series-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol","first-page":"149","article-title":"Expression of nuclear receptor coregulators in ovarian stromal and epithelial tumours","volume":"229","author":"Hussein-Fikret S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hussein-Fikret S\n & \nFuller PJ\n\n. Expression of nuclear receptor coregulators in ovarian stromal and epithelial tumours. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005 229 149\u2013160. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2004.08.005)"},{"key":"bib46","series-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig","first-page":"445","article-title":"Expression of steroid receptor coactivators in cultured cells from paired myometrial and fibroid tissues","volume":"12","author":"Hussein-Fikret S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hussein-Fikret S\n, \nFuller PJ\n & \nGargett CE\n\n. Expression of steroid receptor coactivators in cultured cells from paired myometrial and fibroid tissues. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2005 12 445\u2013451. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsgi.2005.04.008)"},{"key":"bib47","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"815","article-title":"Distribution of the A and B forms of the progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in uterine leiomyomata and adjacent myometrium","volume":"12","author":"Viville B","year":"1997","unstructured":"Viville B\n, \nCharnock-Jones DS\n, \nSharkey AM\n, et al.\n Distribution of the A and B forms of the progesterone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein in uterine leiomyomata and adjacent myometrium. Hum Reprod 1997 12 815\u2013822. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/12.4.815)"},{"key":"bib48","series-title":"Mol Med","first-page":"242","article-title":"Signaling pathways in leiomyoma: understanding pathobiology and implications for therapy","volume":"21","author":"Borahay MA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borahay MA\n, \nAl-Hendy A\n, \nKilic GS\n, et al.\n Signaling pathways in leiomyoma: understanding pathobiology and implications for therapy. Mol Med 2015 21 242\u2013256. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2119\/molmed.2014.00053)"},{"key":"bib49","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"1722","article-title":"Transcription factor KLF11 integrates progesterone receptor signaling and proliferation in uterine leiomyoma cells","volume":"70","author":"Yin P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yin P\n, \nLin Z\n, \nReierstad S\n, et al.\n Transcription factor KLF11 integrates progesterone receptor signaling and proliferation in uterine leiomyoma cells. Cancer Res 2010 70 1722\u20131730. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.can-09-2612)"},{"key":"bib50","series-title":"Mol Endocrinol","first-page":"2041","article-title":"Small molecule inhibition of the steroid receptor coactivators, SRC-3 and SRC-1","volume":"25","author":"Wang Y","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang Y\n, \nLonard DM\n, \nYu Y\n, et al.\n Small molecule inhibition of the steroid receptor coactivators, SRC-3 and SRC-1. Mol Endocrinol 2011 25 2041\u20132053. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/me.2011-1222)"},{"key":"bib51","series-title":"Contrib Gynecol Obstet","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000414899","article-title":"Gossypol in the treatment of endometriosis and uterine myoma","volume":"16","author":"Han ML","year":"1987","unstructured":"Han ML\n, \nWang YF\n, \nTang MY\n, et al.\n Gossypol in the treatment of endometriosis and uterine myoma. Contrib Gynecol Obstet 1987 16 268\u2013270. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000414899)"},{"key":"bib52","series-title":"Asian J Androl","first-page":"388","article-title":"Gossypol inhibits proliferation of endometrioma cells in culture","volume":"9","author":"Badawy SZ","year":"2007","unstructured":"Badawy SZ\n, \nSouid AK\n, \nCuenca V\n, et al.\n Gossypol inhibits proliferation of endometrioma cells in culture. Asian J Androl 2007 9 388\u2013393. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2007.00168.x)"},{"key":"bib53","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of histophysiology, transcriptomics and metabolomics in goslings exposed to gossypol acetate: unraveling hepatotoxic mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Yu J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu J\n, \nYang H\n, \nWang J\n, et al.\n Comprehensive analysis of histophysiology, transcriptomics and metabolomics in goslings exposed to gossypol acetate: unraveling hepatotoxic mechanisms. Front Vet Sci 2025 12 1527284. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1527284)"},{"key":"bib54","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"147","article-title":"Pathological and toxicological studies of calves fed a high concentration cotton seed meal diet","volume":"25","author":"Holmberg CA","year":"1988","unstructured":"Holmberg CA\n, \nWeaver LD\n, \nGuterbock WM\n, et al.\n Pathological and toxicological studies of calves fed a high concentration cotton seed meal diet. Vet Pathol 1988 25 147\u2013153. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030098588802500207)"},{"key":"bib55","series-title":"Chin Med","first-page":"163","article-title":"The potential roles of gossypol as anticancer agent: advances and future directions","volume":"18","author":"Paunovic D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paunovic D\n, \nRajkovic J\n, \nNovakovic R\n, et al.\n The potential roles of gossypol as anticancer agent: advances and future directions. Chin Med 2023 18 163. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13020-023-00869-8)"},{"key":"bib56","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"1506","article-title":"Bufalin is a potent small-molecule inhibitor of the steroid receptor coactivators SRC-3 and SRC-1","volume":"74","author":"Wang Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y\n, \nLonard DM\n, \nYu Y\n, et al.\n Bufalin is a potent small-molecule inhibitor of the steroid receptor coactivators SRC-3 and SRC-1. Cancer Res 2014 74 1506\u20131517. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.can-13-2939)"},{"key":"bib57","series-title":"Cancer Lett","first-page":"63","article-title":"Bufalin targets the SRC-3\/MIF pathway in chemoresistant cells to regulate M2 macrophage polarization in colorectal cancer","volume":"513","author":"Chen J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen J\n, \nWang H\n, \nJia L\n, et al.\n Bufalin targets the SRC-3\/MIF pathway in chemoresistant cells to regulate M2 macrophage polarization in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2021 513 63\u201374. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.05.008)"},{"key":"bib58","series-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Bufalin targets the SRC-3\/c-Myc pathway in chemoresistant cells to regulate metastasis induced by chemoresistance in colorectal cancer","volume":"151","author":"Chen J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen J\n, \nWu C\n, \nYu K\n, et al.\n Bufalin targets the SRC-3\/c-Myc pathway in chemoresistant cells to regulate metastasis induced by chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2025 151 71. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-025-06124-x)"},{"key":"bib59","series-title":"Integr Cancer Ther","article-title":"Mechanism study of bufalin reversal of drug resistance by inhibiting hypoxic Colon cancer cell-induced polarization of M2 macrophages","volume":"24","author":"Wang H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang H\n, \nJia L\n, \nYu H\n, et al.\n Mechanism study of bufalin reversal of drug resistance by inhibiting hypoxic Colon cancer cell-induced polarization of M2 macrophages. Integr Cancer Ther 2025 24 15347354251325806. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15347354251325806)"},{"key":"bib60","series-title":"J Endocrinol","first-page":"255","article-title":"Bufalin suppresses endometriosis progression by inducing pyroptosis and apoptosis","volume":"237","author":"Cho YJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cho YJ\n, \nLee JE\n, \nPark MJ\n, et al.\n Bufalin suppresses endometriosis progression by inducing pyroptosis and apoptosis. J Endocrinol 2018 237 255\u2013269. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/joe-17-0700)"},{"key":"bib61","series-title":"Chin J Nat Med","first-page":"550","article-title":"Bufalin-induced cardiotoxicity: new findings into mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Li M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li M\n, \nWang XJ\n, \nZhao Q\n, et al.\n Bufalin-induced cardiotoxicity: new findings into mechanisms. Chin J Nat Med 2020 18 550\u2013560. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1875-5364(20)30065-0)"},{"key":"bib62","series-title":"Br J Cancer","first-page":"645","article-title":"Acetyl-bufalin shows potent efficacy against non-small-cell lung cancer by targeting the CDK9\/STAT3 signalling pathway","volume":"124","author":"Yang L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang L\n, \nZhou F\n, \nZhuang Y\n, et al.\n Acetyl-bufalin shows potent efficacy against non-small-cell lung cancer by targeting the CDK9\/STAT3 signalling pathway. Br J Cancer 2021 124 645\u2013657. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-020-01135-6)"},{"key":"bib63","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Identification of verrucarin a as a potent and selective steroid receptor coactivator-3 small molecule inhibitor","volume":"9","author":"Yan F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yan F\n, \nYu Y\n, \nChow DC\n, et al.\n Identification of verrucarin a as a potent and selective steroid receptor coactivator-3 small molecule inhibitor. PLoS One 2014 9 e95243. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0095243)"},{"key":"bib64","series-title":"Phytochemistry","first-page":"309","article-title":"Phytotoxicity and mammalian cytotoxicity of macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins from myrothecium verrucaria","volume":"59","author":"Abbas HK","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abbas HK\n, \nJohnson BB\n, \nShier WT\n, et al.\n Phytotoxicity and mammalian cytotoxicity of macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins from myrothecium verrucaria. Phytochemistry 2002 59 309\u2013313. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0031-9422(01)00464-2)"},{"key":"bib65","series-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett","article-title":"Folate-targeted verrucarin A reduces the number of activated macrophages in a mouse model of acute peritonitis","volume":"42","author":"Venkatesh C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venkatesh C\n, \nDoorneweerd DD\n, \nXia W\n, et al.\n Folate-targeted verrucarin A reduces the number of activated macrophages in a mouse model of acute peritonitis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021 42 128091. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmcl.2021.128091)"},{"key":"bib66","series-title":"Process Biochem","first-page":"13","article-title":"Fabrication of verrucarin-a-loaded zinc oxide nanocomposite for inducing apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells","volume":"145","author":"Saravanan K","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saravanan K\n, \nManickam R\n, \nGovindasamy C\n, et al.\n Fabrication of verrucarin-a-loaded zinc oxide nanocomposite for inducing apoptosis in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Process Biochem 2024 145 13\u201321. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procbio.2024.06.006)"},{"key":"bib67","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"4970","article-title":"Development of potent small-molecule inhibitors to drug the undruggable steroid receptor coactivator-3","volume":"113","author":"Song X","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song X\n, \nChen J\n, \nZhao M\n, et al.\n Development of potent small-molecule inhibitors to drug the undruggable steroid receptor coactivator-3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016 113 4970\u20134975. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1604274113)"},{"key":"bib68","series-title":"Breast Cancer Res","first-page":"73","article-title":"Steroid receptor coactivator-3 inhibition generates breast cancer antitumor immune microenvironment","volume":"24","author":"Han SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han SJ\n, \nSung N\n, \nWang J\n, et al.\n Steroid receptor coactivator-3 inhibition generates breast cancer antitumor immune microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res 2022 24 73. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13058-022-01568-2)"},{"key":"bib69","series-title":"J Med Chem","first-page":"5333","article-title":"Lead compound development of SRC-3 inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties and anticancer efficacy","volume":"67","author":"Lu D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu D\n, \nChen J\n, \nQin L\n, et al.\n Lead compound development of SRC-3 inhibitors with improved pharmacokinetic properties and anticancer efficacy. J Med Chem 2024 67 5333\u20135350. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c01596)"},{"key":"bib70","series-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer","first-page":"657","article-title":"Development of improved SRC-3 inhibitors as breast cancer therapeutic agents","volume":"28","author":"Qin L","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin L\n, \nChen J\n, \nLu D\n, et al.\n Development of improved SRC-3 inhibitors as breast cancer therapeutic agents. Endocr Relat Cancer 2021 28 657\u2013670. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/erc-20-0402)"},{"key":"bib71","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Inhibition of SRC-3 as a potential therapeutic strategy for aggressive mantle cell lymphoma","volume":"19","author":"Bijou I","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bijou I\n, \nLiu Y\n, \nLu D\n, et al.\n Inhibition of SRC-3 as a potential therapeutic strategy for aggressive mantle cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2024 19 e0289902. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0289902)"},{"key":"bib72","series-title":"Cancer Cell","first-page":"240","article-title":"Characterization of a steroid receptor coactivator small molecule stimulator that overstimulates cancer cells and leads to cell stress and death","volume":"28","author":"Wang L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang L\n, \nYu Y\n, \nChow DC\n, et al.\n Characterization of a steroid receptor coactivator small molecule stimulator that overstimulates cancer cells and leads to cell stress and death. Cancer Cell 2015 28 240\u2013252. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.07.005)"},{"key":"bib73","series-title":"Virchows Arch","first-page":"433","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of steroid receptor cofactors in ovarian endometriosis: involvement of down-regulated SRC-1 expression in the limited growth activity of the endometriotic epithelium","volume":"456","author":"Suzuki A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suzuki A\n, \nHoriuchi A\n, \nOka K\n, et al.\n Immunohistochemical detection of steroid receptor cofactors in ovarian endometriosis: involvement of down-regulated SRC-1 expression in the limited growth activity of the endometriotic epithelium. Virchows Arch 2010 456 433\u2013441. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00428-010-0884-x)"},{"key":"bib74","series-title":"Chin Med J","first-page":"814","article-title":"Estrogen and progestin cytosol receptor concentrations in patients with endometriosis and their changes after gossypol therapy","volume":"109","author":"Zhang Y","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zhang Y\n, \nWang Y\n, \nLi C\n, et al.\n Estrogen and progestin cytosol receptor concentrations in patients with endometriosis and their changes after gossypol therapy. Chin Med J 1996 109 814\u2013816."},{"key":"bib75","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3\/AIB1) as a novel therapeutic target in triple negative breast cancer and its inhibition with a phospho-bufalin prodrug","volume":"10","author":"Song X","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song X\n, \nZhang C\n, \nZhao M\n, et al.\n Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3\/AIB1) as a novel therapeutic target in triple negative breast cancer and its inhibition with a phospho-bufalin prodrug. PLoS One 2015 10 e0140011. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140011)"},{"key":"bib76","series-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol","first-page":"224","article-title":"Bufalin inhibits ovarian carcinoma via targeting mTOR\/HIF-alpha pathway","volume":"128","author":"Su S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su S\n, \nDou H\n, \nWang Z\n, et al.\n Bufalin inhibits ovarian carcinoma via targeting mTOR\/HIF-alpha pathway. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021 128 224\u2013233. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bcpt.13487)"},{"key":"bib77","series-title":"Oncogene","first-page":"4581","article-title":"Proteomic profiling identifies key coactivators utilized by mutant ERalpha proteins as potential new therapeutic targets","volume":"37","author":"Gates LA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gates LA\n, \nGu G\n, \nChen Y\n, et al.\n Proteomic profiling identifies key coactivators utilized by mutant ERalpha proteins as potential new therapeutic targets. Oncogene 2018 37 4581\u20134598. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41388-018-0284-2)"},{"key":"bib78","series-title":"Horm Cancer","first-page":"229","article-title":"The role of steroid receptor coactivators in hormone dependent cancers and their potential as therapeutic targets","volume":"7","author":"Wang L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang L\n, \nLonard DM\n & \nO'Malley BW\n\n. The role of steroid receptor coactivators in hormone dependent cancers and their potential as therapeutic targets. Horm Cancer 2016 7 229\u2013235. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-016-0261-6)"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Connections"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/ec\/14\/11\/EC-25-0631.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/14\/11\/EC-25-0631.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/14\/11\/EC-25-0631.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T14:43:21Z","timestamp":1764341001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/ec\/14\/11\/EC-25-0631.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ec-25-0631","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-3614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]}}}