{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:18:22Z","timestamp":1783448302207,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":185,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol consumption was shown to increase endogenous fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), but knowledge about the effect of alcohol cessation on FGF21 is limited. The effects of cigarette smoking and cessation on FGF21 levels are unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate moderate alcohol and cigarette consumption and their cessation on FGF21 levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a secondary analysis of two prospective intervention studies. Study 1: ten healthy men undergoing a beer or water intervention with blood sampling over 720 min. Differences in FGF21 levels between alcohol and water intake were assessed using a mixed-effect model. Study 2: 144 alcohol-drinking men or women undergoing a 12-week intervention of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist dulaglutide vs placebo on smoking and alcohol cessation. Differences in FGF21 levels after 12 weeks of treatment with GLP-1 in persistent drinkers\/smokers compared to those who had stopped drinking\/smoking, were assessed using mixed-effect models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study 1: FGF21 levels at 240 min following beer intake were higher compared to water intake (1.386.0 pg\/mL (95% CI: 934.55; 1,837.44), P &amp;lt; 0.001). Study 2: participants who stopped drinking alcohol had lower FGF21 levels compared to persistent drinkers (\u2212228.65 pg\/mL (95% CI: \u2212440.4; \u221214.6), P = 0.03). Smoking cessation had no effect on FGF21 levels (P = 0.13).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate a dynamic response in FGF21 levels, with acute moderate alcohol consumption inducing elevated FGF21 levels, and cessation of drinking lowering FGF21 levels, indicative of potential liver recovery. No effect of cigarette smoking cessation on plasma FGF21 levels was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-25-0713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T12:47:51Z","timestamp":1765543671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in fibroblast growth factor 21 levels associated with alcohol consumption and smoking cessation"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6439-8191","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clara O","family":"Sailer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1"},{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril 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