{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T16:04:16Z","timestamp":1772035456974,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tianjin Major Science and Technology Projects","award":["21ZXJBSY00060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21ZXJBSY00060"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Key Medical Discipline (Specialty) Construction Project","award":["TJYXZDXK-3-002C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TJYXZDXK-3-002C"]}]},{"name":"Tianjin Medical University Clinical Special Disease Research Center - Neuroendocrine Tumor Clinical Special Disease Research Center"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ec.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the association between fasting glucagon levels and the risk of comorbid stroke in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 1,745 T2DM patients hospitalized at Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from September 1, 2022, to September 30, 2025. Patients were divided into a T2DM group and a T2DM with stroke group based on the presence of stroke. Fasting glucagon levels and other clinical data were collected. Binary logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between fasting glucagon and stroke risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among female T2DM patients, fasting glucagon levels were significantly higher in the T2DM with stroke group compared to the T2DM group (13.38 vs 11.56 pmol\/L,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for multiple confounding factors, including age, diabetes duration, BMI, hypertension, eGFR, HbA1c, dyslipidemia, and medication use, higher fasting glucagon levels are independently associated with the presence of comorbid stroke in female T2DM patients (model 3: Q4 vs Q1: OR = 2.396, 95% CI: 1.075\u20135.339,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.037). In addition, the prevalence of stroke increased with ascending quartiles of glucagon levels in female patients (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.023). However, no significant association was observed between fasting glucagon levels and stroke risk in male patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that among hospitalized female patients with T2DM, higher fasting glucagon levels are independently associated with the presence of comorbid stroke. This association suggests a potential link between glucagon and cerebrovascular diseases in this population, warranting further investigation to explore its role.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-25-0791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T11:51:18Z","timestamp":1770378678000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between glucagon and stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4464-8335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Linlin","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-1272","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lina","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4374-7122","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiamin","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3073-3761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4561-0905","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yian","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9835-3604","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9453-7287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Siyu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6160-7688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wantong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2665-4072","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1408-4098","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"2077","article-title":"Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants","volume":"404","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2024","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)\n. 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Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants. Lancet 2024 404 2077\u20132093. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1)"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract","article-title":"IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun H\n, \nSaeedi P\n, \nKaruranga S\n, et al.\n IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021 183 109119. 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