{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T18:18:00Z","timestamp":1783448280934,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":75,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary amenorrhoea is defined as the absence of spontaneous menarche by the age of 15 years with normal pubertal development or of 13 years in the absence of pubertal signs. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of current evidence on puberty induction in girls with primary amenorrhoea, to highlight clinical practices, and to identify directions for future research. Puberty induction aims not only to achieve secondary sexual characteristics but also to ensure an appropriate growth spurt and attainment of final adult height, optimal peak bone mass achievement, uterine development and maturation, and psychosocial well-being. Oestrogen therapy (preferably oral or transdermal 17\u03b2-oestradiol), initiated at low doses and gradually increased, remains the cornerstone of treatment for girls with absent or arrested puberty. Progesterone is usually introduced after 18\u201324 months or following spontaneous bleeding to prevent endometrial hyperplasia, although timing should be individualized according to uterine response to oestrogen. Clinical evidence indicates that premature progestin introduction should be avoided to allow complete uterine and breast development; therefore, a patient-centred approach tailored to individual characteristics is essential. Moreover, reproductive technologies have expanded fertility options for women with either central hypogonadism or premature ovarian insufficiency. In this context, a tailored approach aimed at achieving optimal uterine development is crucial. Most available data derive from Turner syndrome cohorts and small observational studies, underscoring the need for individualized protocols. Importantly, future research should further investigate bone metabolism and psychosocial aspects, with the goal of refining clinical practice in pubertal induction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/ec-25-0811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:08:37Z","timestamp":1775066917000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Induction of puberty in hypogonadal forms of primary amenorrhoea: current evidence and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eriselda","family":"Profka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1"},{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Rodari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Citterio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Collini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"},{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Pedroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"},{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"},{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Giavoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1"},{"name":"2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2481","article-title":"Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign","volume":"118","author":"Diaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R225","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-1487","article-title":"Management of endocrine disease: diagnosis and management of primary amenorrhea and female delayed puberty","volume":"184","author":"Sepp\u00e4","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2024.02.001","article-title":"Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion","volume":"122","author":"Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100730","article-title":"Hormonal replacement therapy in adolescents and young women with chemo- or radio-induced premature ovarian insufficiency: practical recommendations","volume":"45","author":"Cattoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2286","article-title":"Osteoporosis: a lifecourse approach","volume":"29","author":"Harvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02183","article-title":"Estrogen replacement in turner syndrome: literature review and practical considerations","volume":"103","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02137","article-title":"Effects of estrogen therapies on outcomes in turner syndrome: assessment of induction of puberty and adult estrogen use","volume":"104","author":"Cameron-Pimblett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab043","article-title":"New and consolidated therapeutic options for pubertal induction in hypogonadism: in-depth review of the literature","volume":"43","author":"Federici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G53","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvae050","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with turner syndrome","volume":"190","author":"Gravholt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G9","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-22-0073","article-title":"Pubertal induction and transition to adult sex hormone replacement in patients with congenital pituitary or gonadal reproductive hormone deficiency: an Endo-ERN clinical practice guideline","volume":"186","author":"Nordenstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15097","article-title":"Society for endocrinology guideline for understanding, diagnosing and treating female hypogonadism","volume":"101","author":"Jayasena","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R229","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0894","article-title":"Transition in endocrinology: induction of puberty","volume":"170","author":"Dunkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqad194","article-title":"KNDy neurons of the hypothalamus and their role in GnRH pulse generation: an update","volume":"165","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00828","article-title":"Molecular and environmental mechanisms regulating puberty initiation: an integrated approach","volume":"10","author":"Livadas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.08.011","article-title":"Estrogen and progesterone signalling in the normal breast and its implications for cancer development","volume":"466","author":"Hilton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3390\/children12101286","article-title":"Sex steroid priming on growth hormone stimulation test: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Cammisa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib17","article-title":"Hypogonadism in adolescent girls: treatment and long-term effects","volume":"93","author":"Voutsadaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59343-1","article-title":"Induction of first cycles in primary hypothalamic amenorrhea with pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: a mirror of female pubertal development","volume":"48","author":"Schoemaker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000539236","article-title":"Availability, usage, and preferences of estradiol and progestogen preparations for puberty induction from a multicentral perspective","volume":"98","author":"Gawlik-Starzyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad056","article-title":"Towards an individualized management of pubertal induction in girls with hypogonadism: insight into the best replacement outcomes from a large multicentre registry","volume":"188","author":"Rodari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14092","article-title":"Reduced uterine volume after induction of puberty in women with hypogonadism","volume":"91","author":"Burt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.11074","article-title":"Lower risk of cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women taking oral estradiol compared with oral conjugated equine estrogens","volume":"174","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-9856-2014-12","article-title":"A randomized trial of transdermal and oral estrogen therapy in adolescent girls with hypogonadism","volume":"2014","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2123","article-title":"Conjugated oral versus transdermal estrogen replacement in girls with turner syndrome: a pilot comparative study","volume":"94","author":"Nabhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130500148875","article-title":"Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens: influence of different routes of administration","volume":"8","author":"Kuhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.12.011","article-title":"Ethinyl estradiol and 17\u03b2-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment","volume":"87","author":"Stanczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.10.011","article-title":"Pharmacology of conjugated equine estrogens: efficacy, safety and mechanism of action","volume":"142","author":"Bhavnani","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4243","article-title":"Metabolic effects of oral versus transdermal 17\u03b2-estradiol (E2): a randomized clinical trial in girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Torres-Santiago","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1449","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral and transdermal 17\u03b2 estradiol in girls with turner syndrome","volume":"96","author":"Taboada","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13869","article-title":"Impact of route of administration on genotoxic oestrogens concentrations using oral vs transdermal oestradiol in girls with Turner syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Mauras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161622.OR","article-title":"Oral versus transdermal estrogen in turner syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zaiem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0926","article-title":"Approach to the patient with Turner syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Davenport","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0314","article-title":"Inducing puberty","volume":"159","author":"Delemarre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032069","article-title":"Use of percutaneous estrogen gel for induction of puberty in girls with turner syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Piippo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00023","article-title":"Late-onset puberty induction by transdermal estrogen in turner syndrome girls-a longitudinal study","volume":"9","author":"Gawlik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03446.x","article-title":"Puberty induction in turner syndrome: results of oestrogen treatment on development of secondary sexual characteristics, uterine dimensions and serum hormone levels","volume":"70","author":"Bannink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0444","article-title":"Individualised vs fixed dose of oral 17\u03b2-oestradiol for induction of puberty in girls with turner syndrome: an open-randomised parallel trial","volume":"167","author":"Labarta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib38","first-page":"3039","article-title":"Nocturnal application of transdermal estradiol patches produces levels of estradiol that mimic those seen at the onset of spontaneous puberty in girls","volume":"86","author":"Ankarberg-Lindgren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1159\/000356922","article-title":"Physiological estrogen replacement therapy for puberty induction in girls: a clinical observational study","volume":"81","author":"Ankarberg-Lindgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2015.01.002","article-title":"Pubertal induction in hypogonadism: current approaches including use of gonadotrophins","volume":"29","author":"Zacharin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1242998","article-title":"Role of progesterone in endometrial cancer","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib42","article-title":"Hormone therapy in postmenopausal women and risk of endometrial hyperplasia","volume":"2012","author":"Furness","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2007.04.031","article-title":"Uterine development in turner syndrome","volume":"151","author":"Bakalov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1109290","article-title":"Clinical practice. Delayed puberty","volume":"366","author":"Palmert","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13689.x","article-title":"Pelvic ultrasound measurements in normal girls","volume":"84","author":"Griffin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311372","article-title":"Hormone supplementation for pubertal induction in girls","volume":"102","author":"Matthews","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2020-200619","article-title":"Norethisterone and its acetate \u2013 what's so special about them?","volume":"47","author":"Huvinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Sex Reprod Health"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew027","article-title":"ESHRE guideline: management of women with premature ovarian insufficiency","volume":"31","author":"European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Guideline Group on POI","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1159\/000500050","article-title":"Optimal pubertal induction in girls with turner syndrome using either oral or transdermal estradiol: a proposed modern strategy","volume":"91","author":"Donaldson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.112","article-title":"Expert consensus document: European consensus statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism\u2013pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Boehm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2018.03.010","article-title":"Advances in the molecular pathophysiology, genetics, and treatment of primary ovarian insufficiency","volume":"29","author":"Huhtaniemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.10.016","article-title":"Uterine function, pregnancy complications, and pregnancy outcomes among female childhood cancer survivors","volume":"111","author":"Van de Loo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15141","article-title":"Optimal uterine growth during pubertal induction in hypogonadal females is dependent on type and duration of unopposed oestrogen treatment","volume":"102","author":"Romo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1053\/beem.2001.0180","article-title":"Puberty and bone development","volume":"16","author":"Saggese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070020","article-title":"Peak bone mass","volume":"11","author":"Heaney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.8918","article-title":"Association between age at puberty and bone accrual from 10 to 25 years of age","volume":"2","author":"Elhakeem","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-23-0377","article-title":"FSH, bone, belly and brain","volume":"262","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.01.051","article-title":"FSH directly regulates bone mass","volume":"125","author":"Sun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14574","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1212806109","article-title":"Blocking antibody to the \u03b2-subunit of FSH prevents bone loss by inhibiting bone resorption and stimulating bone synthesis","volume":"109","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R790","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00728.2009","article-title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone, interleukin-1, and bone density in adult women","volume":"298","author":"Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2010.11.011","article-title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone promotes RANK expression on human monocytes","volume":"53","author":"Cannon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14925","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606805103","article-title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates TNF production from immune cells to enhance osteoblast and osteoclast formation","volume":"103","author":"Iqbal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib63","article-title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone increases the risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis by stimulating osteoclast differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1156","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa922","article-title":"Serum FSH is associated with BMD, bone marrow adiposity, and body composition in the AGES-Reykjavik Study of older adults","volume":"106","author":"Veldhuis-Vlug","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-023-06676-z","article-title":"Follicle-stimulating hormone is associated with low bone mass in postmenopausal women","volume":"34","author":"Mattick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2012.656160","article-title":"Estrogen-related genes and postmenopausal osteoporosis risk","volume":"15","author":"Mendoza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00353","article-title":"Psychological aspects of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism","volume":"10","author":"Dwyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2652","article-title":"Self-esteem and social adjustment in young women with turner syndrome \u2013 influence of pubertal management and sexuality: population-based cohort study","volume":"91","author":"Carel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026070713503684400_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000548971","article-title":"The process of pubertal induction in girls with turner syndrome \u2013 from patients\u2019 and family\u2019s perspective","volume":"17","author":"Gawlik-Starzyk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Connections"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/ec\/15\/4\/EC-25-0811.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ec.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ec\/15\/4\/EC-25-0811.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/ec\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/EC-25-0811\/504426\/ec-25-0811.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/ec\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1530\/EC-25-0811\/504426\/ec-25-0811.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:53:18Z","timestamp":1783446798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.bioscientifica.com\/ec\/article\/15\/4\/e250811\/75324\/Induction-of-puberty-in-hypogonadal-forms-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/ec-25-0811","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-3614"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3614","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"article-number":"e250811"}}