{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:17:23Z","timestamp":1784557043784,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","content-domain":{"domain":["edm.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n We report three patients who developed symptoms and signs of ocular neuromyotonia (ONM) 3\u20136 months after receiving gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for functioning pituitary tumours. All three patients were complex, requiring multi-modality therapy and all had received prior external irradiation to the sellar region. Although direct causality cannot be attributed, the timing of the development of the symptoms would suggest that the GKS played a contributory role in the development of this rare problem, which we suggest clinicians should be aware of as a potential complication.<\/jats:p>\n \n Learning points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n GKS can cause ONM, presenting as intermittent diplopia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n ONM can occur quite rapidly after treatment with GKS.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Treatment with carbamazepine is effective and improve patient's quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/edm-14-0106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,19]],"date-time":"2015-08-19T04:55:37Z","timestamp":1439960137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Stereotactic radiosurgery XX: ocular neuromyotonia in association with gamma knife radiosurgery"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"W C Candy","family":"Sze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"McQuillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Ophthalmology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P Nicholas","family":"Plowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Department of Clinical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niall","family":"MacDougall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3 Department of Clinical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 Gamma Knife Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H Ian","family":"Sabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4 Gamma Knife Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadeem","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2 Department of Ophthalmology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Endocrinology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2772","article-title":"Long-term results of stereotactic radiosurgery in secretory pituitary adenomas","volume":"94","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0b013e3181a57d19","article-title":"Ocular neuromyotonia after gamma knife stereotactic radiation therapy","volume":"29","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-014-1399-0","article-title":"Visual outcome after fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy of benign anterior skull base tumors","volume":"118","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181ec4379","article-title":"Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for the treatment of remaining or recurring pituitary tumors in acromegaly","volume":"67","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3400","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2772","article-title":"Long-term results of stereotactic radiosurgery in secretory pituitary adenomas","volume":"94","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181ec4379","article-title":"Repeat transsphenoidal surgery for the treatment of remaining or recurring pituitary tumors in acromegaly","volume":"67","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2013.10.008","article-title":"Results of repeated transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. 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