{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T03:45:06Z","timestamp":1786506306692,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","content-domain":{"domain":["edm.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n Adrenal insufficiency is a rare cause of hypercalcaemia and should be considered when more common causes such as primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are excluded. Opioid therapy as a cause of adrenal insufficiency is a possibly under-recognised endocrinopathy with potentially life-threatening adverse effects. We report on a case of opioid-induced secondary adrenal insufficiency presenting as hypercalcaemia. The patient was a 25-year-old man who developed hypercalcaemia during the recovery stage after a period of critical illness. Systematic investigation of his hypercalcaemia found it to be due to secondary adrenal insufficiency, developing as a consequence of methadone opioid analgesia. Treatment with i.v. saline and subsequent glucocorticoid replacement led to resolution of the hypercalcaemia. The hypoadrenalism resolved when opioids were subsequently weaned and ceased. These two interacting endocrinopathies of opioid-induced adrenal insufficiency and consequent hypercalcaemia highlight the importance of maintaining awareness of the potentially serious adverse clinical outcomes which can occur as a result of opioids, particularly considering that symptoms of hypoadrenalism can overlap with those of concomitant illness. Treatment with hydration and glucocorticoid replacement is effective in promptly resolving the hypercalcaemia due to hypoadrenalism. Hypoadrenalism due to prescribed and recreational opioids may be more common than is currently recognised.<\/jats:p>\n \n Learning points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n Opioid therapy can cause clinically significant secondary adrenal insufficiency, and this may be more common than is currently recognised.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Adrenal insufficiency is reversible after discontinuation of the opioid therapy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Hypercalcaemia can occur as a consequence of adrenal insufficiency, and may be the presenting feature.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n Treatment of hypercalcaemia due to adrenal insufficiency involves i.v. saline and glucocorticoid replacement.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/edm-15-0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,8]],"date-time":"2015-07-08T08:05:32Z","timestamp":1436342732000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Opioid-induced secondary adrenal insufficiency presenting as hypercalcaemia"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"Angela S","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia"},{"name":"2 Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M","family":"Twigg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1 Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia"},{"name":"2 Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.6.6615","article-title":"Endocrine consequences of long-term intrathecal administration of opioids","volume":"85","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1003742","article-title":"Biological parameters of bone remodelling in chronic adrenal insufficiency","volume":"23","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hormone and Metabolic Research"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"An under-recognized and under-reported cause of adrenal insufficiency","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Case Reports in Medicine"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02411297","article-title":"Etiology of hypercalcemia in a patient with Addison's disease","volume":"34","year":"1982","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"130071","article-title":"Adrenal insufficiency in acute oral opiate therapy","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Case Reports"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1140509","article-title":"Effect of oral morphine and naloxone on pituitary-adrenal response in man induced by human corticotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"114","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinologica"},{"key":"ref121","article-title":"An under-recognized and under-reported cause of adrenal insufficiency","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Case Reports in Medicine"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0760127","article-title":"Addison's disease \u2013 clinical studies. 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