{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T14:16:47Z","timestamp":1784557007917,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Bioscientifica","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]],"date-time":"2018-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/deed.en_GB"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["edm.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pubertal gynecomastia is common, can be seen in 65% of the adolescent boys and is considered physiological. It is thought to be due to transient imbalance between the ratio of testosterone and estradiol in the early stages of puberty. It resolves in 1\u20132 years and requires no treatment. However, more persistent and severe pubertal gynecomastia is less common and can be associated with pathological disorders. These can be due to diminished androgen production, increased estrogen production or androgen resistance. We report a case of persistent pubertal gynecomastia due to partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), classical hormone findings and a novel mutation in the androgen receptor (AR) gene.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Learning points:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Laboratory testing of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), leutinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone for pubertal gynecomastia is most helpful in the setting of undervirization.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The hormonal finding of very high testosterone, elevated LH and estradiol and relatively normal FSH are classical findings of PAIS.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>Gynecomastia due to PAIS will not resolve and surgery for breast reduction should be recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/edm-18-0128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T06:16:50Z","timestamp":1546409810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome presenting as pubertal gynecomastia: clinical and hormonal findings and a novel mutation in the androgen receptor gene"],"prefix":"10.1530","volume":"2018","author":[{"given":"Priya","family":"Vaidyanathan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Kaplowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"416","reference":[{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2146","article-title":"Novel (60%) and recurrent (40%) androgen receptor gene mutations in a series of 59 patients with a 46,XY disorder of sex development","volume":"95","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4274\/Jcrpe.958","article-title":"Pubertal gynecomastia coincides with peak height velocity","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric 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