{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T22:19:49Z","timestamp":1792880389428,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current data clearly demonstrate that sports-related chronic repetitive head trauma due to boxing might result in hypopituitarism. However, the mechanism of sports-related traumatic brain injury-induced pituitary dysfunction is still unclear. In order to understand whether autoimmune mechanisms could play a role in the pituitary dysfunction due to sports-related head trauma, we investigated the presence of antipituitary antibodies (APAs) and antihypothalamus antibodies (AHAs) in amateur boxers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty-one actively competing (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=44) or retired (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>=17) male boxers (mean age, 26 years; range, 17\u201353) who had been evaluated regarding pituitary functions previously were included in the study. In all boxers and in 60 age\/sex-similar normal controls, AHAs and APAs were investigated by an indirect immunofluorescence method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>AHAs were detected in 13 of 61 boxers (21.3%), and APAs were detected in 14 of 61 boxers (22.9%), but in none of the normal controls. Pituitary dysfunction was significantly higher in AHA-positive boxers (46.2%) than in AHA-negative boxers (10.4%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.003). There was a significant association between AHA positivity and hypopituitarism due to boxing (odds ratio: 7.37, 95% confidence interval 1.8\u201330.8). There was no significant association between APA positivity and hypopituitarism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of AHAs and APAs in boxers who were exposed to sports-related head trauma. Moreover, the present investigation provides preliminary evidence that AHAs are associated with the development of pituitary dysfunction in boxers, thus suggesting that autoimmunity may have a role in the pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-09-1024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,23]],"date-time":"2010-02-23T02:34:06Z","timestamp":1266892446000},"page":"861-867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Investigation of antihypothalamus and antipituitary antibodies in amateur boxers: is chronic repetitive head trauma-induced pituitary dysfunction associated with autoimmunity?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"Fatih","family":"Tanriverdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"De Bellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bellastella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bizzarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio A","family":"Sinisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bellastella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kursad","family":"Unluhizarci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Selcuklu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe F","family":"Casanueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahrettin","family":"Kelestimur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1_19578279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6085","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0504","volume":"90","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; 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