{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:01:41Z","timestamp":1783486901381,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Poorly treated or untreated maternal overt hyperthyroidism may affect pregnancy outcome. Fetal and neonatal hypo- or hyper-thyroidism and neonatal central hypothyroidism may complicate health issues during intrauterine and neonatal periods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review articles related to appropriate management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy and lactation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature review was performed using MEDLINE with the terms \u2018hyperthyroidism and pregnancy\u2019, \u2018antithyroid drugs and pregnancy\u2019, \u2018radioiodine and pregnancy\u2019, \u2018hyperthyroidism and lactation\u2019, and \u2018antithyroid drugs and lactation\u2019, both separately and in conjunction with the terms \u2018fetus\u2019 and \u2018maternal.\u2019<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antithyroid drugs are the main therapy for maternal hyperthyroidism. Both methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) may be used during pregnancy; however, PTU is preferred in the first trimester and should be replaced by MMI after this trimester. Choanal and esophageal atresia of fetus in MMI-treated and maternal hepatotoxicity in PTU-treated pregnancies are of utmost concern. Maintaining free thyroxine concentration in the upper one-third of each trimester-specific reference interval denotes success of therapy. MMI is the mainstay of the treatment of <jats:italic>post partum<\/jats:italic> hyperthyroidism, in particular during lactation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy and lactation requires special considerations and should be carefully implemented to avoid any adverse effects on the mother, fetus, and neonate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-10-1030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,10]],"date-time":"2011-03-10T03:21:18Z","timestamp":1299727278000},"page":"871-876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy and lactation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Fereidoun","family":"Azizi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atieh","family":"Amouzegar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/164\/6\/871.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/164\/6\/871.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T16:26:06Z","timestamp":1676391966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/164\/6\/871\/6676992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-10-1030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}}}