{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:56:18Z","timestamp":1789170978478,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify risk factors for the development and progression of untreated persistent microalbuminuria in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total number of 683 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes recruited from the prospective nationwide German and Austrian diabetes survey (DPV) were included in the analysis. Inclusion criteria were onset of type 1 diabetes under the age of 11 years, diabetes duration of more than 1 year and continuous follow-up over 5 years with at least two documented urine analyses per year. Subjects treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were excluded. Risk factors such as sex, body mass index SDS, diabetes duration, HbA1c, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and immigrant status were analysed by logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At baseline (age 10.5\u00b10.1 years, diabetes duration 4.6\u00b12.4 years and HbA1c 7.4\u00b11.1%), 75.6% of children had normoalbuminuria, 15.7% had intermittent microalbuminuria, 8.6% had persistent microalbuminuria and 0.1% had macroalbuminuria. After a follow-up of 5 years, 59.4% of adolescents continued to have normoalbuminuria, 18.4% had progression, 15.2% had regression of microalbuminuria, and in 6.9% of the subjects, microalbuminuria remained unchanged. We found significant associations between persistent microalbuminuria at baseline and during each year of follow-up (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001). Logistic regression analysis identified diabetes duration and immigrant status as significant factors for microalbuminuria (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.009 and<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.009).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey in a real-world setting shows that diabetes duration and immigrant status are risk factors for the development and progression of untreated microalbuminuria in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-11-0695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,24]],"date-time":"2011-12-24T04:48:38Z","timestamp":1324702118000},"page":"493-501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Natural course of untreated microalbuminuria in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and the importance of diabetes duration and immigrant status: longitudinal analysis from the 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