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Experimental evidence and some clinical studies showed that when GH\/IGF1 secretion or action was inhibited, a decreased incidence and rate of progression of cancers occurred. However, human populations comprise a garden variety of genotypes that respond differently to the same kind of exposures. Human population studies frequently reveal only very small effects to these exposures. So, are GH and cancer guilty by association? After more than 20 years, leukemia, a major safety issue initially believed associated with GH treatment in children with GH deficiency (GHD), has not been confirmed but the risk of second malignancies in patients previously treated with irradiation has been detected or confirmed through the National Cooperative Growth Study. Overall, this large study confirmed the favorable overall safety profile of GH therapy in children with GHD, and also highlighted specific populations at potential risk. The risk of secondary malignancy following radiotherapy is surely related to radiotherapy more than GH therapy that may increase growth but is less likely to start the oncogenic process. In GH-deficient adults treated with GH, observational studies (KIMS, HypoCCS) have shown that when IGF1 levels were targeted within normal age-related reference ranges, the occurrence of malignancies was not higher than in the general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-13-0389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,10]],"date-time":"2013-08-10T01:32:57Z","timestamp":1376098377000},"page":"R89-R97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: GH therapy and cancer risk in hypopituitarism: what we know from human studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Pekic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"1_6793900","first-page":"297","volume":"10","author":"Moon","year":"1950","journal-title":"Cancer Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"2_19357522","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/190356a0","volume":"190","author":"Young","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nature; Physical Science (London)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1476-4687","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"3_3931802","first-page":"18","volume":"36","author":"Harada","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"4_8555395","first-page":"35","volume":"42","author":"Rose","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer Research","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0008-5472","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"1","key":"5_39931764","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0001","volume":"28","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-769X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"6_46601309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2012.09.003","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"GROWTH HORMONE IGF RESEARCH"},{"issue":"9418","key":"7_18156934","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16044-3","volume":"363","author":"Renehan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7","key":"8_18245307","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1387","volume":"4","author":"Pollak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature reviews. 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