{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:15:18Z","timestamp":1761513318617},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>In hypopituitary men, oral delivery of unesterified testosterone in doses that result in a solely hepatic androgen effect enhances protein anabolism during GH treatment. In this study, we aimed to determine whether liver-targeted androgen supplementation induces protein anabolism in GH-replete normal women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eight healthy postmenopausal women received 2-week treatment with oral testosterone at a dose of 40\u200amg\/day (crystalline testosterone USP). This dose increases portal concentrations of testosterone, exerting androgenic effects on the liver without a spillover into the systemic circulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>The outcome measures were whole-body leucine turnover, from which leucine rate of appearance (LRa, an index of protein breakdown) and leucine oxidation (Lox, a measure of irreversible protein loss) were estimated, energy expenditure and substrate utilization. We measured the concentration of liver transaminases as well as of testosterone, SHBG and IGF1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Testosterone treatment significantly reduced LRa by 7.1\u00b12.5% and Lox by 14.6\u00b14.5% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). The concentration of liver transaminases did not change significantly, while that of serum SHBG fell within the normal range by 16.8\u00b14.0% and that of IGF1 increased by 18.4\u00b17.7% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05). The concentration of peripheral testosterone increased from 0.4\u00b10.1 to 1.1\u00b10.2\u200anmol\/l (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05), without exceeding the upper normal limit. There was no change in energy expenditure and fat and carbohydrate utilization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatic exposure to unesterified testosterone by oral delivery stimulates protein anabolism by reducing protein breakdown and oxidation without inducing systemic androgen excess in women. We conclude that a small oral dose of unesterified testosterone holds promise as a simple novel treatment of protein catabolism and muscle wasting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-13-0406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,6]],"date-time":"2013-07-06T04:49:13Z","timestamp":1373086153000},"page":"321-327","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Oral low-dose testosterone administration induces whole-body protein anabolism in postmenopausal women: a novel liver-targeted therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Vita","family":"Birzniece","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margot A","family":"Umpleby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Poljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Handelsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken K Y","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1_18668473","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1184","volume":"90","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; 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