{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T21:45:54Z","timestamp":1791150354605,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Addison's disease (AD) is a rare endocrine condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to evaluate clinical, immunologic, adrenal imaging, and genetic features in 633 Italian patients with AD followed up since 1967.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adrenal cortex autoantibodies, presence of other autoimmune and nonautoimmune diseases, nonadrenal autoantibodies, adrenal imaging, and genetic profile for HLA-DRB1 and\n                      <jats:italic>AIRE<\/jats:italic>\n                      were analyzed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 492 (77.7%) patients were found to be affected by autoimmune AD (A-AD), 57 (9%) tuberculous AD, 29 (4.6%) genetic-associated AD, 10 (1.6%) adrenal cancer, six (0.94%) post-surgical AD, four (0.6%) vascular disorder-related AD, three (0.5%) post-infectious AD, and 32 (5.1%) were defined as idiopathic. Adrenal cortex antibodies were detected in the vast majority (88\u2013100%) of patients with recent onset A-AD, but in none of those with nonautoimmune AD. Adrenal imaging revealed normal\/atrophic glands in all A-AD patients: 88% of patients with A-AD had other clinical or subclinical autoimmune diseases or were positive for nonadrenal autoantibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on the coexistence of other autoimmune disorders, 65.6% of patients with A-AD were found to have type 2 autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome (APS2), 14.4% have APS1, and 8.5% have APS4. Class II HLA alleles DRB1*03 and DRB1*04 were increased, and DRB1*01, DRB1*07, DRB1*013 were reduced in APS2 patients when compared with controls. Of the patients with APS1, 96% were revealed to have\n                      <jats:italic>AIRE<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene mutations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A-AD is the most prevalent form of adrenal insufficiency in Italy, and \u223c90% of the patients are adrenal autoantibody-positive at the onset. Assessment of patients with A-AD for the presence of other autoimmune diseases should be helpful in monitoring and diagnosing APS types 1, 2, or 4 and improving patients' care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-13-0528","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,7]],"date-time":"2013-09-07T01:13:49Z","timestamp":1378516429000},"page":"773-784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Addison's disease: a survey on 633 patients in Padova"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Corrado","family":"Betterle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Scarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Garelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Morlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Lazzarotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Presotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graziella","family":"Coco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Masiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Parolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Paola","family":"Albergoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Favero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susi","family":"Barollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Salv\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Rees Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jadwiga","family":"Furmaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Mantero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1_17087309","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1210\/er.23.3.327","volume":"23","author":"Betterle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrine Reviews","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-769X","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"7571","key":"2_7526337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)90948-3","volume":"2","author":"Mason","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lancet","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0140-6736","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"3_46759969","first-page":"121","volume":"76","year":"1974","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0804-4643","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"6","key":"4_15803373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02790.x","volume":"41","author":"Kong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clinical endocrinology","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0300-0664","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"859","key":"5_16821915","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.73.859.286","volume":"73","author":"Willis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Postgraduate Medical Journal","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0032-5473","issn-type":"print"},{"issue":"5","key":"6_10816167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.84.5.1762","volume":"84","author":"Laureti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; 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