{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:47:53Z","timestamp":1790264873136,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The association between thyroid disease and breast cancer risk remains unclear. We, therefore examined the association between hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and breast cancer risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a population-based cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using nationwide registries, we identified all women in Denmark with a first-time hospital diagnosis of hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, 1978\u20132013. We estimated the excess risk of breast cancer among patients with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism compared with the expected risk in the general population, using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) as a measure of risk ratio. Breast cancer diagnoses in the first 12 months following diagnosis of thyroid disease were excluded from the calculations to avoid diagnostic work-up bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 61\u200a873 women diagnosed with hypothyroidism and 80\u200a343 women diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. Median follow-up time was 4.9 years (interquartile range (IQR): 1.8\u20139.5 years) for hypothyroidism and 7.4 years (IQR: 3.1\u201313.5 years) for hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism was associated with a slightly increased breast cancer risk compared with the general population (SIR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07\u20131.16), which persisted beyond 5 years of follow-up (SIR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.08\u20131.19). In comparison, hypothyroidism was associated with a slightly lower risk of breast cancer (SIR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88\u20131.00). Stratification by cancer stage at diagnosis, estrogen receptor status, age, comorbidity, history of alcohol-related disease and clinical diagnoses of obesity produced little change in cancer risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found an increased risk of breast cancer in women with hyperthyroidism and a slightly decreased risk in women with hypothyroidism indicating an association between thyroid function level and breast cancer risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-15-0989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]],"date-time":"2016-02-11T17:30:34Z","timestamp":1455211834000},"page":"409-414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and breast cancer risk: a nationwide cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Mette","family":"S\u00f8gaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00f3ra K\u00f6rmendin\u00e9","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Ehrenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Otto Lunde","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olaf M","family":"Dekkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik Toft","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.1","unstructured":"European Cancer Observatory, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available at http:\/\/eco.iarc.fr. Accessed November 20, 2015"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.2","first-page":"246","article-title":"Estrogens as a cause of human cancer: the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation award lecture","volume":"48","author":"Henderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205136"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(96)00117-3","article-title":"Triiodothyronine mimics the effects of estrogen in breast cancer cell lines","volume":"59","author":"Nogueira","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Steroid Biochemical Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdj040"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2007.12.008","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormones on human breast cancer cell proliferation","volume":"109","author":"Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Steroid Biochemical Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2007.09.003"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899708999335","article-title":"The thyroid and breast cancer: a significant association?","volume":"29","author":"Smyth","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of Medicine"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2005.15.1253"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6614-6-8","article-title":"TSH receptor antibodies have predictive value for breast cancer \u2013 retrospective analysis","volume":"6","author":"Szychta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thyroid Research"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0911"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2587"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.81.3.937"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr609"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27470","article-title":"Prospectively measured thyroid hormones and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in relation to breast cancer risk","volume":"2133","author":"Tosovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/28.5.816"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.17","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Do thyroid disorders increase the risk of breast cancer?","volume":"11","author":"Simon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0838"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-13-334","article-title":"Implication from thyroid function decreasing during chemotherapy in breast cancer patients: chemosensitization role of triiodothyronine","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811401482"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125","article-title":"The Danish National Patient Registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810393562"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810393563"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(87)90171-8"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Statistical methods in cancer research, Volume II\u2013The design and analysis of cohort studies","volume":"82","author":"Breslow","year":"1987","journal-title":"IARC Scientific Publications"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22635"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.14.1606"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20881"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.30","first-page":"302","article-title":"Inhibition of estrogen-dependent tumorigenesis by the thyroid hormone receptor \u03b2 in xenograft models","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Cancer Research"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2011.50"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1995.1124"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/105072502760043503"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S9908","article-title":"Existing data sources for clinical epidemiology: The Danish National Pathology Registry and Data Bank","volume":"2","author":"Erichsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.35","first-page":"535","article-title":"The Danish Cancer Registry\u2013history, content, quality and use","volume":"44","author":"Storm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Danish Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02210"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03051.x","article-title":"Increasing prevalence and incidence of thyroid disease in Tayside, Scotland: the Thyroid Epidemiology Audit and Research Study (TEARS)","volume":"68","author":"Leese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5128"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12106","article-title":"Graves' hyperthyroidism and moderate alcohol consumption: evidence for disease prevention","volume":"79","author":"Carl\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.6.514"},{"key":"2016021020033454000_174.4.409.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp304"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/174\/4\/409.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/174\/4\/409.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T09:08:16Z","timestamp":1718356096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/174\/4\/409\/6654942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-15-0989","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}}}