{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:24:29Z","timestamp":1783571069324,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Management of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy (GO) must be based on the correct assessment of activity and severity of the disease. Activity is usually assessed with the Clinical Activity Score, whereas severity is classified according to a European Group On Graves' Orbitopathy (EUGOGO) consensus statement as mild, moderate-to-severe, and sight-threatening. Myopathic and chronic congestive forms are uncommon clinical presentations of GO. Restoration and maintenance of stable euthyroidism are recommended in the presence of GO.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>In moderate-to-severe disease, steroids have been widely employed and have shown to possess an anti-inflammatory activity, but about 20\u201330% of patients are not responsive and present recurrence. Some novel immunosuppressors have already been employed in clinical studies and have shown interesting results, although the lack of randomized and controlled trials suggests caution for their use in clinical practice. Potential targets for therapy in GO are the thyroid-stimulating hormone and the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor on the fibroblasts, inflammatory cytokines, B and T cells, and the PIK3\/mTORC1 signaling cascades for adipogenesis. A recent open study has shown that tocilizumab, an anti-sIL-6R antibody, inactivates GO. Consistent reports on the efficacy of rituximab have recently been challenged by randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>As the main goal of treatment is the well-being of the patient, the therapeutic strategy should be addressed to better suit the patient needs, more than improving one or more biological parameters. The increasing availability of new therapies will expand the therapeutic options for GO patients and allow the clinician to really personalize the treatment to better suit the patients\u2019 personal needs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-15-1164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,1]],"date-time":"2016-04-01T03:17:51Z","timestamp":1459480671000},"page":"R117-R133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Endocrine dilemma: management of Graves\u2019 orbitopathy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Campi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graves\u2019 Orbitopathy CenterEndocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS C\u00e0 Granda, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guia","family":"Vannucchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graves\u2019 Orbitopathy CenterEndocrinology, 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