{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:11:03Z","timestamp":1790392263561,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cardiovascular biomarker belonging to the transforming growth factor-\u03b2 superfamily. Increased GDF15 concentrations are associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity. We investigated the physiological effects of meal composition and obesity on the regulation of systemic GDF15 levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Lean (<jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20098) and obese (<jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20098) individuals received a carbohydrate- or fat-rich meal, a 75\u2009g oral glucose load (OGTT) or short-term fasting. OGTTs were performed in severely obese patients (<jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20096) pre- and post-bariatric surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Circulating serum GDF15 concentrations were studied in lean and obese individuals in response to different meals, OGTT or short-term fasting, and in severely obese patients pre- and post-bariatric surgery. Regulation of GDF15 mRNA levels and protein release were evaluated in the human hepatic cell line HepG2.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>GDF15 concentrations steadily decrease during short-term fasting in lean and obese individuals. Carbohydrate- and fat-rich meals do not influence GDF15, whereas an OGTT leads to a late increase in GDF15 levels. The positive effect of OGTT on GDF15 levels is also preserved in severely obese patients, pre- and post-bariatric surgery. We further studied the regulation of GDF15 mRNA levels and protein release in HepG2, finding that glucose and insulin independently stimulate both GDF15 transcription and secretion.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In summary, high glucose and insulin peaks upregulate GDF15 transcription and release. The nutrient-induced increase in GDF15 levels depends on rapid glucose and insulin excursions following fast-digesting carbohydrates, but not on the amount of calories taken in.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-16-0550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,20]],"date-time":"2016-10-20T02:33:54Z","timestamp":1476930834000},"page":"623-631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Growth differentiation factor 15 increases following oral glucose ingestion: effect of meal composition and obesity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"175","author":[{"given":"Marie Helene","family":"Schernthaner-Reiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Clinical Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 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