{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T23:39:49Z","timestamp":1793489989839,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy may lead to persistent neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring appearing in later life. This study aimed to review the available evidence concerning the relationship between maternal thyroid status during pregnancy and offspring behavioural and psychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic electronic database searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase, PsycNET, Scopus, Google Scholar and Cochrane library. Studies including gestational thyroid dysfunction as the exposure and offspring behavioural and psychiatric disorders as the outcome were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed and, after thorough screening by two independent reviewers, 13 articles remained eligible for inclusion in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indicators of maternal thyroid dysfunction, including low and high thyroid hormone level and autoimmune thyroiditis, during early pregnancy, were found to be associated with several offspring behavioural and psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, pervasive developmental problems, externalising behaviour, in addition to epilepsy and seizure. The majority of associations were found with low maternal thyroid hormone level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy, particularly hypothyroidism, is associated with behavioural and psychiatric disorders in children. Further studies are needed with a capacity to adjust for a fuller range of confounding factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-16-0860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T00:10:43Z","timestamp":1507248643000},"page":"R261-R273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and behavioural and psychiatric disorders of children: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Dagnachew Muluye","family":"Fetene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"},{"name":"2College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim S","family":"Betts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Alati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Institute for Social Science Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"ref341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0318","article-title":"Maternal thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit\/hyperactivity problems in children: the generation R study","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref1091","first-page":"227","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinemia: psychoneurological deficits of progeny","volume":"21","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1650001","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and central nervous system development","volume":"165","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0415","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy and cognitive functioning in early childhood: the generation R study","volume":"95","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref561","first-page":"756","article-title":"Effects of maternal hyperthyroidism and antithyroid drug therapy on thyroid function of newborn infants","volume":"27","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref01","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.03.012","article-title":"Maternal thyroid hormones early in pregnancy and fetal brain development","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23976","article-title":"Association of gestational maternal hypothyroxinemia and increased autism risk","volume":"74","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"ref1251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.07.003","article-title":"The role of selenium in human conception and pregnancy","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref961","first-page":"1","article-title":"impact of gestational thyroid hormone concentrations on ADHD symptoms of the child of and","journal-title":"Journal Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-015-0733-8","article-title":"Maternal overt hypothyroidism and neurobehavioral outcome of neonates: a cohort study from an iodine-deficient area of Northern India","volume":"52","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00327-7","article-title":"Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.11.022","article-title":"Developmental thyroid hormone insufficiency and brain development: a role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)?","volume":"239","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref541","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20396","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of childhood disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aggress Behaviour"},{"key":"ref271","first-page":"962","article-title":"Hypothyroxinemia during gestation and offspring schizophrenia in a national birth cohort.","volume":"79","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref851","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200208000-00016","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroidism and cognitive development of the offspring","volume":"14","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref861","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420070109012","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroidism during early pregnancy and intellectual development of the progeny","volume":"154","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.10.010","article-title":"Maternal thyroid autoantibody and elevated risk of autism in a national birth cohort","volume":"57","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref471","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapediatrics.401","article-title":"Recent trends in childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"167","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106104","article-title":"Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function","volume":"366","year":"2012","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref1011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S204579601100045X","article-title":"The CBCL 1.5\u20135 and the identification of preschoolers with autism in Italy","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"},{"key":"ref1221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.08.022","article-title":"Maternal dietary zinc supplementation prevents aberrant behaviour in an object recognition task in mice offspring exposed to LPS in early pregnancy","volume":"197","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"19","article-title":"Role of maternal thyroid hormones in the developing neocortex and during human evolution","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy"},{"key":"ref801","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12227","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinemia and effects on cognitive functioning in childhood: how and why?","volume":"79","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref671","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0197","article-title":"Maternal and child's thyroid function and child\u2019s intellect and scholastic performance","volume":"25","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0257","article-title":"Severe maternal hypothyroidism corrected prior to the third trimester is associated with normal cognitive outcome in the offspring","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref451","article-title":"RovetJFSkocicJWilloughbyK Hippocampal morphometry in offspring of hypothyroid and hyperthyroid women and children with congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"27","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12227","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinemia and effects on cognitive functioning in childhood: how and why?","volume":"79","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0053","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy: intellectual development of offspring","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-200208000-00016","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroidism and cognitive development of the offspring","volume":"14","year":"2002","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref521","first-page":"146","article-title":"An evo-devo approach to thyroid hormones in cerebral and cerebellar cortical development: etiological implications for autism","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0380","article-title":"Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with alterations in maternal and fetal thyroid function","volume":"94","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3182125b0c","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and behavioral problems in the offspring: the generation R study","volume":"69","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0498","article-title":"Maternal mild thyroid hormone insufficiency in early pregnancy and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children","volume":"169","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref881","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23976","article-title":"Association of gestational maternal hypothyroxinemia and increased autism risk","volume":"74","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of Neurology"},{"key":"ref1131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000061","article-title":"Early life nutrition and neural plasticity","volume":"27","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref731","first-page":"19","article-title":"Role of maternal thyroid hormones in the developing neocortex and during human evolution","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy"},{"key":"ref551","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.11.005","article-title":"Developmental thyroid hormone disruption: prevalence, environmental contaminants and neurodevelopmental consequences","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref1101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamapediatrics.401","article-title":"Recent trends in childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"167","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref1121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0087","article-title":"Guidelines of the American thyroid association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref1041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-27","article-title":"Protocol of the PSYCHOTSH study: association between neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone concentration and intellectual, psychomotor and psychosocial development at 4\u20135 year of age: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"72","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health"},{"key":"ref701","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1650001","article-title":"Thyroid hormone and central nervous system development","volume":"165","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref991","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410801","article-title":"Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child","volume":"341","year":"1999","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref951","first-page":"636705","article-title":"Maternal thyroid dysfunction and risk of seizure in the child: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref621","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.07.003","article-title":"The role of selenium in human conception and pregnancy","volume":"29","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref1201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12279","article-title":"Smoking reduces the risk of hypothyroidism and increases the risk of hyperthyroidism: evidence from 450\u2009842 mothers giving birth in Denmark","volume":"80","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref1161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.008","article-title":"Cortical thickness, cortico-amygdalar networks, and externalizing behaviors in healthy children","volume":"75","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref681","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0415","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy and cognitive functioning in early childhood: the generation R study","volume":"95","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref841","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0053","article-title":"Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy: intellectual development of offspring","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref751","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00327-7","article-title":"Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study","volume":"4","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref391","article-title":"Discrepancy between parent report and clinician observation of symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Discussions"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.212","article-title":"Pregnancy: maternal thyroid function in pregnancy \u2013 a tale of two tails","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref911","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3182125b0c","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and behavioral problems in the offspring: the generation R study","volume":"69","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"ref921","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12415","article-title":"Psychiatric disease in late adolescence and young adulthood. Foetal programming by maternal hypothyroidism?","volume":"81","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420070109012","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroidism during early pregnancy and intellectual development of the progeny","volume":"154","year":"1994","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-27","article-title":"Protocol of the PSYCHOTSH study: association between neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone concentration and intellectual, psychomotor and psychosocial development at 4\u20135 year of age: a retrospective cohort study.","volume":"72","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health"},{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4233","article-title":"Thyroid diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a contemporary US cohort","volume":"98","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2015.0197","article-title":"Maternal and child's thyroid function and child\u2019s intellect and scholastic performance","volume":"25","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref661","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.171","article-title":"Thyroid disorders in pregnancy","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.10.010","article-title":"Maternal thyroid autoantibody and elevated risk of autism in a national birth cohort","volume":"57","year":"2015","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref651","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719112450338","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy and growth of the fetal and infant head","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproductive Sciences"},{"key":"ref901","first-page":"962","article-title":"Hypothyroxinemia during gestation and offspring schizophrenia in a national birth cohort.","volume":"79","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.12.010","article-title":"Administration of thyroid hormone increases reelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat hippocampus in vivo","volume":"1313","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"ref481","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000362597","article-title":"European thyroid association guidelines for the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy and in children","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Thyroid Journal"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719112450338","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy and growth of the fetal and infant head","volume":"19","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reproductive Sciences"},{"key":"ref1051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.11.022","article-title":"Developmental thyroid hormone insufficiency and brain development: a role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)?","volume":"239","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.1\/krmerikangas","article-title":"Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"11","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.062471","article-title":"Maternal tobacco, cannabis and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of adolescent psychotic symptoms in offspring","volume":"195","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref1071","first-page":"292","article-title":"Effect of maternal autoimmune thyroid disease on intellectual development of infants","volume":"35","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University Medical Sciences"},{"key":"ref971","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0318","article-title":"Maternal thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit\/hyperactivity problems in children: the generation R study","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref821","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106104","article-title":"Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function","volume":"366","year":"2012","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref1241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.062471","article-title":"Maternal tobacco, cannabis and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of adolescent psychotic symptoms in offspring","volume":"195","year":"2009","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2012.171","article-title":"Thyroid disorders in pregnancy","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref571","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12279","article-title":"Smoking reduces the risk of hypothyroidism and increases the risk of hyperthyroidism: evidence from 450\u2009842 mothers giving birth in Denmark","volume":"80","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.06.023","article-title":"Autism: transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents","volume":"262","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"ref741","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.212","article-title":"Pregnancy: maternal thyroid function in pregnancy \u2013 a tale of two tails","volume":"12","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4281","article-title":"Downstream effects of maternal hypothyroxinemia in early pregnancy: nonverbal IQ and brain morphology in school-age children","volume":"99","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref1151","first-page":"146","article-title":"An evo-devo approach to thyroid hormones in cerebral and cerebellar cortical development: etiological implications for autism","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0257","article-title":"Severe maternal hypothyroidism corrected prior to the third trimester is associated with normal cognitive outcome in the offspring","volume":"22","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref491","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2011.0087","article-title":"Guidelines of the American thyroid association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum","volume":"21","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref461","first-page":"227","article-title":"Maternal hypothyroxinemia: psychoneurological deficits of progeny","volume":"21","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science"},{"key":"ref791","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4281","article-title":"Downstream effects of maternal hypothyroxinemia in early pregnancy: nonverbal IQ and brain morphology in school-age children","volume":"99","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref531","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.06.008","article-title":"Cortical thickness, cortico-amygdalar networks, and externalizing behaviors in healthy children","volume":"75","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref591","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2008.08.022","article-title":"Maternal dietary zinc supplementation prevents aberrant behaviour in an object recognition task in mice offspring exposed to LPS in early pregnancy","volume":"197","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"ref1081","article-title":"RovetJFSkocicJWilloughbyK Hippocampal morphometry in offspring of hypothyroid and hyperthyroid women and children with congenital hypothyroidism","volume":"27","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref931","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12681","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children born to mothers with thyroid dysfunction: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"121","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref1211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.113724","article-title":"Impact of alcohol use on thyroid function","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref711","first-page":"e17965","article-title":"Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02725","article-title":"Developmental plasticity and human health","volume":"430","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000061","article-title":"Early life nutrition and neural plasticity","volume":"27","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"key":"ref871","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref1031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02725","article-title":"Developmental plasticity and human health","volume":"430","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"e17965","article-title":"Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after preterm birth","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref581","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.113724","article-title":"Impact of alcohol use on thyroid function","volume":"17","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref1141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.06.023","article-title":"Autism: transient in utero hypothyroxinemia related to maternal flavonoid ingestion during pregnancy and to other environmental antithyroid agents","volume":"262","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"ref1111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000362597","article-title":"European thyroid association guidelines for the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy and in children","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Thyroid Journal"},{"key":"ref1021","article-title":"Discrepancy between parent report and clinician observation of symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Discussions"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0274","article-title":"A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration","volume":"145","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref431","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(02)00459-5","article-title":"Early expression of thyroid hormone deiodinases and receptors in human fetal cerebral cortex","volume":"138","year":"2002","journal-title":"Developmental Brain Research"},{"key":"ref781","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12744","article-title":"Foetal programming by maternal thyroid disease","volume":"83","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12681","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children born to mothers with thyroid dysfunction: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"121","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref441","first-page":"292","article-title":"Effect of maternal autoimmune thyroid disease on intellectual development of infants","volume":"35","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University Medical Sciences"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4233","article-title":"Thyroid diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a contemporary US cohort","volume":"98","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref311","first-page":"426427","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function during the second half of pregnancy and child neurodevelopment at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months of age","volume":"2011","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Thyroid Research"},{"key":"ref891","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.0498","article-title":"Maternal mild thyroid hormone insufficiency in early pregnancy and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children","volume":"169","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref331","first-page":"1","article-title":"impact of gestational thyroid hormone concentrations on ADHD symptoms of the child of and","journal-title":"Journal Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism"},{"key":"ref691","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-015-0733-8","article-title":"Maternal overt hypothyroidism and neurobehavioral outcome of neonates: a cohort study from an iodine-deficient area of Northern India","volume":"52","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12744","article-title":"Foetal programming by maternal thyroid disease","volume":"83","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410801","article-title":"Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child","volume":"341","year":"1999","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref811","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2012.07.004","article-title":"Hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy: the effect on neurodevelopment in the child","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref321","first-page":"636705","article-title":"Maternal thyroid dysfunction and risk of seizure in the child: a Danish nationwide cohort study","volume":"2013","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref1001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6054","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0571","article-title":"Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: a possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries","volume":"89","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref1181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.11.005","article-title":"Developmental thyroid hormone disruption: prevalence, environmental contaminants and neurodevelopmental consequences","volume":"33","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.1\/krmerikangas","article-title":"Epidemiology of mental disorders in children and adolescents","volume":"11","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref1191","first-page":"756","article-title":"Effects of maternal hyperthyroidism and antithyroid drug therapy on thyroid function of newborn infants","volume":"27","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6054","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0571","article-title":"Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders in the offspring of mothers exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: a possible novel iodine deficiency disorder in developed countries","volume":"89","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref631","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2004.03.012","article-title":"Maternal thyroid hormones early in pregnancy and fetal brain development","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref601","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0380","article-title":"Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with alterations in maternal and fetal thyroid function","volume":"94","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref721","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0274","article-title":"A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration","volume":"145","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.12.010","article-title":"Administration of thyroid hormone increases reelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat hippocampus in vivo","volume":"1313","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"ref941","first-page":"426427","article-title":"Maternal thyroid function during the second half of pregnancy and child neurodevelopment at 6, 12, 24, and 60 months of age","volume":"2011","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Thyroid Research"},{"key":"ref1171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.20396","article-title":"Neuroanatomy of childhood disruptive behavior disorders","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aggress Behaviour"},{"key":"ref1061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(02)00459-5","article-title":"Early expression of thyroid hormone deiodinases and receptors in human fetal cerebral cortex","volume":"138","year":"2002","journal-title":"Developmental Brain Research"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2012.07.004","article-title":"Hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy: the effect on neurodevelopment in the child","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12415","article-title":"Psychiatric disease in late adolescence and young adulthood. Foetal programming by maternal hypothyroidism?","volume":"81","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S204579601100045X","article-title":"The CBCL 1.5\u20135 and the identification of preschoolers with autism in Italy","volume":"20","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/177\/5\/EJE-16-0860.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1530\/EJE-16-0860","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T16:10:02Z","timestamp":1676391002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/177\/5\/R261\/6655318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":126,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-16-0860","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}}}