{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:22:21Z","timestamp":1778599341362,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Flushing can be defined as a sensation of warmth accompanied by erythema that most commonly is seen on the face and which occurs in episodic attacks. Such a problem can be clinically problematic, since many conditions and drugs can be related to flushing, and while often there appears to be no underlying organic disease, it is important to exclude disorders since they may be life-threatening conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a search in MEDLINE using the terms \u2018flushing\u2019 in combination with \u2018carcinoid syndrome\u2019, \u2018pheochromocytoma\u2019, \u2018mastocytosis\u2019, \u2018menopausal hot flush\u2019 and \u2018treatment\u2019. European and American guidelines relating to neuroendocrine tumours, mastocytosis and menopause were reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this review, we discuss the main causes of flushing and propose an algorithm based on pathogenesis, which can be used to guide the clinical evaluation process. We also review recent significant developments in the assessment and treatment of the carcinoid syndrome and menopausal hot flushes, which should guide the clinical practice regarding this common but sometimes confusing condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>When evaluating flushing, a precise systematic approach is needed to exclude potentially serious underlying causes, although despite this, the cause of the disorder is not always found. If symptoms are not progressive, the patient should be advised about its apparently benign nature in order to avoid unnecessary studies or initiating treatments of minimal benefit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-17-0295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,6]],"date-time":"2017-10-06T00:10:43Z","timestamp":1507248643000},"page":"R219-R229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Flushing: current concepts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Isabel","family":"Huguet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Grossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, and NET Centre of Excellence, Royal Free London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"ref611","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.8063","article-title":"Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition","volume":"175","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref981","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.15.2553","article-title":"Treatment with the radiolabeled somatostatin analog [177 Lu-DOTA 0, Tyr3] octreotate: toxicity, efficacy, and survival","volume":"26","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Oncology"},{"key":"ref771","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19846","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1211517109","article-title":"Role for kisspeptin\/neurokinin B\/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons in cutaneous vasodilatation and the estrogen modulation of body temperature","volume":"109","year":"2012","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008215730767","article-title":"\u00d6berg K. 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