{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:24:05Z","timestamp":1791404645773,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have shown an advantage of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) over multiple daily injections (MDI) in the general type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) population. RCT data on T1DM management in pregnancy remain limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a systematic review of both RCTs and non-RCTs evaluating CSII vs MDI in T1DM-complicated pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Electronic databases were searched for studies comparing CSII with MDI in T1DM-complicated pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A meta-analysis provided point estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Continuous outcomes were reported as weighted mean differences (WMD) or standardised mean differences (SMD), and dichotomous data as relative risk (RR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search identified 47 studies, including 43 non-RCTs, reporting on 7824 pregnancies. The meta-analysis showed a lower HbA1c level with CSII vs MDI in the first trimester (WMD: \u22120.45%; 95%CI: \u22120.62, \u22120.27). This difference decreased in subsequent trimesters. Compared to MDI, therapy with CSII resulted in higher gestational weight gain (GWG) (WMD: 1.02\u2009kg; 95%CI: 0.41, 1.62), and lower daily insulin dose requirements in the first (SMD: \u22120.46; 95%CI: \u22120.68, \u22120.24) and subsequent trimesters. Moreover, infants from the CSII group were more likely to be large for gestational age (LGA) (RR: 1.16; 95%CI: 1.07, 1.24) and less likely to be small for gestational age (SGA) (RR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.45; 0.97).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In T1DM-complicated pregnancy, CSII compared to MDI therapy resulted in better first trimester glycaemic control; this difference decreased in subsequent trimesters. CSII therapy was associated with lower insulin requirements, higher GWG and altered risk for infants being LGA and SGA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-17-0804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,15]],"date-time":"2018-03-15T10:50:13Z","timestamp":1521111013000},"page":"545-563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs multiple daily injections in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Przemyslaw M","family":"Rys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1HTA Consulting, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka H","family":"Ludwig-Slomczynska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Cyganek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University Hospital, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej T","family":"Malecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3University Hospital, Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"4Department of Metabolic Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"ref641","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12027","article-title":"Multiple daily injections of insulin versus continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for pregnant women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"53","year":"2013","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"key":"ref761","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1134-z","article-title":"Risk of macrosomia remains glucose-dependent in a cohort of women with pregestational type 1 diabetes and good glycemic control","volume":"55","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-007-0239-5","article-title":"Outcome of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes intensively treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or conventional therapy. 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