{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T10:50:53Z","timestamp":1780656653695,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"\nObjective<\/jats:title>\nNewborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is based on testing for the markers thyroxine (T4) and\/or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Diagnosis of CH is complicated because many factors affect the levels of these hormones including infant birth weight, prematurity and age at specimen collection. We investigated whether the sex of the newborn affected the levels of T4 and TSH and consequently the outcome of newborn screening.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nDesign<\/jats:title>\nIn New York State, the Newborn Screening program initially tests all infants for T4 and any baby with a result in the lowest 10% is triaged for TSH screening. We analyzed data from 2008 to 2016 to determine mean and median T4 and TSH values and how these results correlate with the sex of infants who are reported as borderline, referred and confirmed with CH.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nT4 and TSH concentrations in dried blood spots were measured using commercially available fluoroimmunoassays.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nFrom 2008 to 2016, of the 2.4 million specimens tested for thyroxine, 51.5% were from male and 48.5% were from female infants. Male infants constituted 60% of specimens triaged for TSH testing, 64.9% of repeat requests and 59.6% of referrals, but only 49% of confirmed CH cases. The mean and median T4 values were lower (a difference of approximately 0.8\u20131.1\u2009\u03bcg\/dL each year) and the median TSH values were higher in male compared to female infants.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nNatural differences in thyroid hormone levels in male and female infants leads to male infants being disproportionately represented in the false-positive category.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-18-0399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,26]],"date-time":"2018-06-26T15:45:26Z","timestamp":1530027926000},"page":"161-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Gender disparities in screening for congenital hypothyroidism using thyroxine as a primary screen"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"179","author":[{"given":"Lenore","family":"DeMartino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Caggana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norma P","family":"Tavakoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA"},{"name":"2Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-1233","article-title":"Congenital hypothyroidism with delayed TSH elevation in low-birth-weight infants: incidence, diagnosis and management","volume":"175","year":"2016","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref511","first-page":"54","article-title":"BorgMBorgfeldLSullivanKM The impact of transient hypothyroidism on the increasing rate of congenital hypothyroidism in the United States Supplement https org","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.07.022","article-title":"Characteristics of delayed thyroid-stimulating hormone elevation in neonatal intensive care unit newborns","volume":"178","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of 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