{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:49:57Z","timestamp":1792601397614,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and other auto-immune diseases is well known. However, a quantitative overview of all associated auto-immune diseases and their prevalence in T1D is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and Cochrane library in September 2018 to identify relevant articles about the prevalence of the following associated auto-immune diseases in T1D cohorts: auto-immune thyroid disease, celiac disease, gastric autoimmunity including pernicious anemia, vitiligo and adrenal gland insufficiency. A meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled prevalence using a random-effects model. Furthermore, random-effects meta-regression analysis was performed to assess the association between prevalence and mean age or diabetes duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred eighty articles were eligible including a total of 293 889 type 1 diabetes patients. Hypothyroidism (65 studies) was prevalent in 9.8% (95% CI: 7.5\u201312.3) of patients. Meta-regression showed that for every 10-year age increase, hypothyroidism prevalence increased 4.6% (95% CI: 2.6\u20136.6,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.000, 54 studies). Weighted prevalence of celiac disease was 4.5% (95% CI: 4.0\u20135.5, 87 studies). Gastric autoimmunity was found in 4.3% of patients (95% CI: 1.6\u20138.2, 8 studies) and vitiligo in 2.4% (95% CI: 1.2\u20133.9, 14 studies) of patients. The prevalence of adrenal insufficiency was 0.2% (95% CI: 0.0\u20130.4, 14 studies) and hyperthyroidism was found in 1.3 percent (95% CI: 0.9\u20131.8, 45 studies) of type 1 diabetes patients. For all analyses, statistical heterogeneity between studies was moderate to high.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of antibody-mediated auto-immune disease is high among type 1 diabetes patients. Especially hypothyroidism and celiac disease are frequently found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-18-0515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T11:25:47Z","timestamp":1543836347000},"page":"135-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["Associated auto-immune disease in type 1 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Nederstigt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"name":"2Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B S","family":"Uitbeijerse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L G M","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology & Metabolism"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E P M","family":"Corssmit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology & Metabolism"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E J P","family":"de Koning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"name":"3Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O M","family":"Dekkers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Internal Medicine, Section Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"name":"2Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"4Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/180\/2\/EJE-18-0515.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/180\/2\/EJE-18-0515.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T11:12:23Z","timestamp":1676373143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/180\/2\/135\/6654228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-18-0515","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}}}