{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:04:48Z","timestamp":1792022688971,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Burnout has several different definitions, and attempts have been made to discriminate between burnout as a psychological construct and burnout as a clinical entity. A large body of research has focused on elucidating the biological link between stress exposure and burnout and\/or finding a clinically usable biomarker for burnout. The objective of this narrative review is to summarize the main endocrine and immune findings in relation to burnout. The literature has primarily focused on dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, albeit the large body of studies, it cannot be concluded that clear effects are seen on HPA axis function in people with burnout. The HPA axis and anabolic acute reactivity to stress might be affected in clinical burnout. Plausible, effects of chronic stress might rather be seen when measuring responses to acute stress rather than resting state hormonal levels. Studies on other hormones, including thyroid hormones, prolactin and growth hormone in burnout subjects are inconclusive. It is important to note that this field is faced with many methodological challenges, one being the diurnal and pulsatile nature of many of the hormones of interest, including cortisol, which is not always considered. Another challenge is the heterogeneity regarding definitions and measurements of stress and burnout. Existing studies on burnout and immune function are heterogeneous regarding the results and no firm conclusion can be made if clinically relevant immune changes are present in burnout subjects. An overall conclusion is that existing research cannot confirm any homogenous reliable endocrinological or immunological changes related to burnout.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-18-0741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]],"date-time":"2018-12-21T13:23:40Z","timestamp":1545398620000},"page":"R147-R158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGYEndocrine and immunological aspects of burnout: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Ingibj\u00f6rg H","family":"Jonsdottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Institute of Stress Medicine, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland"},{"name":"2Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sj\u00f6rs Dahlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Institute of Stress Medicine, Region V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2018.03.004","article-title":"The short-term stress response \u2013 mother nature\u2019s mechanism for enhancing protection and performance under conditions of threat, challenge, and opportunity","volume":"49","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.01.009","article-title":"Meta-analysis of relation of vital exhaustion to cardiovascular disease events","volume":"119","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Cardiology"},{"key":"ref1211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.1991.9935158","article-title":"Burnout as a risk factor for 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