{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:13:33Z","timestamp":1787022813319,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is fibro-inflammatory, immune-mediated, systemic disease recognized as a defined clinical condition only in 2001. The prevalence of IgG4-RD is 6\/100 000, but it is likely to be underestimated due to insufficient awareness of the disease. The diagnostic approach is complex because of the heterogeneity of clinical presentation and because of rather variable diagnostic criteria. Indeed, high concentrations of IgG4 in tissue and serum are not a reliable diagnostic marker. The spectrum of IgG4-RD also includes well-known thyroid diseases including Riedel\u2019s thyroiditis, Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and its fibrotic variant, Graves\u2019 disease and Graves\u2019 orbitopathy. Results from clinical studies indicate that a small subset of patients with the above-mentioned thyroid conditions present some features suggestive for IgG4-RD. However, according to more recent views, the use of the term thyroid disease with an elevation of IgG4 rather than IgG4-related thyroid diseases would appear more appropriate. Nevertheless, the occurrence of high IgG4 levels in patients with thyroid disease is relevant due to peculiarities of their clinical course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-18-1024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T11:05:36Z","timestamp":1552993536000},"page":"R175-R183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: IgG4-related thyroid autoimmune disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Rotondi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Coperchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Fonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Chiovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3783","article-title":"Clinical relationship Between IgG4-positive Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma","volume":"101","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"ref361","article-title":"Graves\u2019s disease patients with persistent hyperthyroidism and diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the tyroid show no histopathological compatibility with IgG4-related disease","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40168","article-title":"IgG4-Related Disease. 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