{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T17:12:23Z","timestamp":1774458743276,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":806,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This manuscript provides guidance on the management of thyroid dysfunction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Autoimmune thyroid diseases are not linked to increased risks of COVID-19. Uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis may result in more severe complications from SARS-CoV-2 infection, including thyroid storm. The management of patients with a new diagnosis of hyperthyroidism is best undertaken with a block-and-replace regimen due to limited biochemical testing availability. Antithyroid drug (ATD)-induced neutropenia may favour the progression of COVID-19 and symptoms of infection may be confused with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The withdrawal of ATDs and urgent measurement of neutrophils should be considered in case of flu-like manifestations occurring in the initial months of treatment. Urgent surgery or 131-I may be undertaken in selected cases of uncontrolled thyrotoxicosis. Patients with COVID-19 infection may present with conjunctivitis, which could cause diagnostic difficulties in patients with new or existing Graves' ophthalmopathy. Patients who are on replacement treatment with thyroid hormones should ensure they have sufficient supply of medication. The usual advice to increase dosage of levothyroxine during pregnancy should be adhered to. Many newly presenting and previously diagnosed patients with thyroid dysfunction can be managed through virtual telephone or video clinics supported by a dedicated nurse-led service, depending on available facilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-20-0445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T15:07:13Z","timestamp":1589900833000},"page":"G33-G39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Kristien","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W Edward","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre , Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter Nicholas","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thyroid Research Group School of Medicine Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales , Heath Park, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beacon Hospital , Sandyford, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"L\u00e9ger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetology Department, Reference Center for Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Universit\u00e9 de Paris, Hopital Robert Debre , Paris, 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