{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:23:12Z","timestamp":1780082592375,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hypogonadism is common in HIV-infected men. The relationship between health status, sex steroids and body composition is poorly known in HIV. The aim was to investigate the association between health status (comorbidities\/frailty), body composition, and gonadal function in young-to-middle-aged HIV-infected men.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prospective, cross-sectional, observational study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HIV-infected men aged <jats:underline>&lt;<\/jats:underline>50 years and ongoing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy were enrolled. Serum total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), estrone (E1) were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LH and FSH by immunoassay. Free testosterone (cFT) was calculated by Vermeulen equation. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and abdominal CT scan. Multimorbidity (MM) and frailty were defined as \u22653 comorbidities and by a 37-item index, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 316 HIV-infected men aged 45.3 \u00b1 5.3 years were enrolled. Body fat parameters were inversely related to cFT and TT, and directly related to E1 and E2\/testosterone (TS) ratio. Patients with MM had lower cFT (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) and TT (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.036), and higher E1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) and E2\/TS ratio (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). Frailty was inversely related to cFT (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.057, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001) and TT (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.013, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.043), and directly related to E1 (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.171, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001), E2 (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.041, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.004) and E2\/TS ratio (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.104, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Lower TT and cFT, higher E1, E2\/TS ratio and visceral fat were independently associated to poor health status and frailty, being possible hallmarks of unhealthy conditions in adult HIV-infected men. Overall, MM, frailty and body fat mass are strictly associated to each other and to sex steroids, concurring together to functional male hypogonadism in HIV.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-20-0855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,20]],"date-time":"2020-10-20T14:15:34Z","timestamp":1603203334000},"page":"107-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Health status is related to testosterone, estrone and body fat: moving to functional hypogonadism in adult men with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"De Vincentis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"},{"name":"2Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Decaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"},{"name":"2Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flaminia","family":"Fanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes and Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Sant\u2019Orsola Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Diazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mezzullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes and Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Sant\u2019Orsola Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Morini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Bertani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jovana","family":"Milic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"},{"name":"2Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Tartaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"},{"name":"2Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Tagliavini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Roli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommaso","family":"Trenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uberto","family":"Pagotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes and Centre for Applied Biomedical Research, Sant\u2019Orsola Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Guaraldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Multidisciplinary Metabolic Clinic, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Rochira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy"},{"name":"2Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["European Journal of 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