{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T03:17:46Z","timestamp":1782357466008,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> is a major human pathogen, and nasal carriers have an increased risk for infection and disease. The exploration of host determinants for nasal carriage is relevant to decrease infection burden. Former studies demonstrate lower carriage prevalence in women and among users of progestin-only contraceptives. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible associations between circulating sex-steroid hormones and nasal carriage of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> in a general population.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the population-based sixth Troms\u00f8 study (2007\u20132008) nurses collected nasal swab samples from 724 women aged 30\u201387 not using any exogenous hormones, and 700 of the women had a repeated nasal swab taken (median interval 28 days). We analysed a panel of serum sex-steroids by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and collected information about lifestyle, health and anthropometric measures. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study the association between circulating sex-steroids and <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> carriage (one swab) and persistent carriage (two swabs), while adjusting for potential confounding factors. Women in luteal phase were excluded in the analysis of androgens.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> persistent nasal carriage prevalence was 22%. One standard deviation increase in testosterone and bioavailable testosterone was associated with lower odds of persistent nasal carriage, (OR\u2009=\u20090.57; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.35\u20130.92 and OR\u2009=\u20090.52, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.30\u20130.92) respectively. Analysis stratified by menopause gave similar findings. Persistent carriers had lower average levels of androstenedione and DHEA, however, not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This large population-based study supports that women with lower levels of circulating testosterone may have increased probability of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> persistent carriage.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-20-0877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T00:11:44Z","timestamp":1608336704000},"page":"333-342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Circulating sex-steroids and Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in a general female population"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"given":"Dina B","family":"Stensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"2Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Sm\u00e5brekke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guri","family":"Grimnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"5Endocrinology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Sivert","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"6Division of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"7Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna U E","family":"Sollid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar Skov","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"8Research Group for Host-Microbe Interaction, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rg","family":"Alm\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sofie","family":"Furberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"4Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of North Norway, Troms\u00f8, Norway"},{"name":"10Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Molde University College, Molde, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/184\/2\/EJE-20-0877.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/eje\/184\/2\/EJE-20-0877.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T16:15:33Z","timestamp":1676391333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/184\/2\/333\/6653782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-20-0877","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}}}