{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:24:37Z","timestamp":1790267077886,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nThe most common cause of primary adrenal failure (Addison\u2019s disease) in the Western world is autoimmunity characterized by autoantibodies against the steroidogenic enzyme 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2, 21OH). Detection of 21OH-autoantibodies is currently used for aetiological diagnosis, but how levels of 21OH-autoantibodies vary over time is not known.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nSetting<\/jats:title>\nSamples from the national Norwegian Addison\u2019s Registry and Biobank established in 1996 (n<\/jats:italic> = 711). Multi-parameter modelling of the course of 21OH-autoantibody indices over time.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\n21OH-autoantibody positivity is remarkably stable, and >90% of the patients are still positive 30 years after diagnosis. Even though the antibody levels decline with disease duration, it is only rarely that this downturn reaches negativity. 21OH-autoantibody indices are affected by age at diagnosis, sex, type of Addison\u2019s disease (isolated vs autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I or II) and HLA genotype.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusion<\/jats:title>\n21OH-autoantibodies are reliable and robust markers for autoimmune Addison\u2019s disease, linked to HLA risk genotype. However, a negative test in patients with long disease duration does not exclude autoimmune aetiology.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-20-1268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T20:24:42Z","timestamp":1612211082000},"page":"607-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The natural history of 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies in autoimmune Addison\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"184","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8485-2248","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anette Boe","family":"Wolff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"2K.G. Jebsen Center for autoimmune disorders, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"3Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Breivik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"2K.G. Jebsen Center for autoimmune disorders, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"3Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3170-9496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karl Ove","family":"Hufthammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Centre for Clinical Research, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9016-628X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marianne Aardal","family":"Grytaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2K.G. Jebsen Center for autoimmune disorders, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"3Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirik","family":"Bratland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"2K.G. Jebsen Center for autoimmune disorders, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"5Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eystein Sverre","family":"Husebye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"2K.G. Jebsen Center for autoimmune disorders, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"3Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4248-7737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bergithe Eikeland","family":"Oftedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"2K.G. Jebsen Center for autoimmune disorders, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/184\/4\/EJE-20-1268.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/eje\/184\/4\/EJE-20-1268.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T16:15:56Z","timestamp":1676391356000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/184\/4\/607\/6653882"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-20-1268","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}}}