{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:35:54Z","timestamp":1787510154012,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is an increase in maternal metabolic burden due to the rise in pregnancies complicated by obesity, gestational diabetes, type 2 diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolic dysfunction during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of long-term morbidity and mortality for women and their offspring. Lifestyle interventions in pregnancy in women at risk of metabolic dysfunction have demonstrated short-term improvements such as reduced gestational weight gain and lowered risk of gestational diabetes. It is not known whether these interventions lead to sustained improvements in the metabolic health of the mother and baby. Pharmacological interventions have also shown benefits for the mother and baby in pregnancy, including improvements in glycaemic control, reduction in gestational weight gain and reduction in large for gestational age infants; however, there remains uncertainty over long-term outcomes for mother and child. Existing studies on interventions targeting metabolic health are limited to selected populations in the preconception and postpartum periods and lack follow-up beyond delivery of the intervention. The COVID-19 pandemic has refocused our attention on the effects of maternal metabolic ill-health that play a role in contributing to premature morbidity and mortality. There is an urgent need for strategies to accurately identify the growing number of women and offspring at risk of long-term adverse metabolic health. Strategies which focus on early identification and risk stratification using individualised risk scores in the pre and inter-conception periods must take priority if we are to target and improve the metabolic health of women and their offspring who are at highest risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-21-1046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,5]],"date-time":"2022-04-05T13:39:35Z","timestamp":1649165975000},"page":"R113-R126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["ENDOCRINOLOGY IN PREGNANCY: Targeting metabolic health promotion to optimise maternal and offspring health"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Niamh-Maire","family":"McLennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hazlehurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakila","family":"Thangaratinam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Women\u2019s Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Birmingham Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s NHS Trust, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6226-8270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca M","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BHF\/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"BJOG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00685.x","article-title":"Changes in booking body mass index over a decade: retrospective analysis from a Glasgow Maternity Hospital","volume":"112","author":"Kanagalingam","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanagalingam MGForouhi NGGreer IASattar N. Changes in booking body mass index over a decade: retrospective analysis from a Glasgow Maternity Hospital. BJOG20051121431\u20131433. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00685.x)10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2005.00685.x"},{"key":"bib2","series-title":"Health of Women Before and During Pregnancy: Health Behaviours, Risk Factors and Inequalities","year":"2019","unstructured":"Public Health England. Health of Women Before and During Pregnancy: Health Behaviours, Risk Factors and Inequalities. Public Health England, 2019."},{"key":"bib3","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4353-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus according to IADPSG\/WHO 2013 criteria among obese pregnant women in Europe","volume":"60","author":"Egan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Egan AMVellinga AHarreiter JSimmons DDesoye GCorcoy RAdelantado JMDevlieger RVan Assche AGaljaard Set al. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus according to IADPSG\/WHO 2013 criteria among obese pregnant women in Europe. Diabetologia2017601913\u20131921. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4353-9)10.1007\/s00125-017-4353-9"},{"key":"bib4","series-title":"Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Clinical management of pregnancy in the obese mother: before conception, during pregnancy, and post partum","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma RCWSchmidt MITam WHMcIntyre HDCatalano PM. Clinical management of pregnancy in the obese mother: before conception, during pregnancy, and post partum. Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology201641037\u20131049. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(1630278-9)"},{"key":"bib5","series-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5768","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcomes of gestational diabetes and its treatment on fetal development","volume":"40","author":"Murray","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murray SRReynolds RM. Short- and long-term outcomes of gestational diabetes and its treatment on fetal development. Prenatal Diagnosis2020401085\u20131091. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pd.5768)10.1002\/pd.5768"},{"key":"bib6","series-title":"Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology","first-page":"153","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: a 5-year national population-based cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murphy HRHowgate CO\u2019Keefe JMyers JMorgan MColeman MAJolly MValabhji JScott EMKnighton Pet al. Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: a 5-year national population-based cohort study. Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology20219153\u2013164. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(2030406-X)"},{"key":"bib7","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2717","article-title":"Trends in incidence of diabetes in pregnancy and serious perinatal outcomes: a large, population-based study in Ontario, Canada, 1996\u20132010","volume":"37","author":"Feig","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feig DSHwee JShah BRBooth GLBierman ASLipscombe LL. Trends in incidence of diabetes in pregnancy and serious perinatal outcomes: a large, population-based study in Ontario, Canada, 1996\u20132010. Diabetes Care2014371590\u20131596. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-2717)10.2337\/dc13-2717"},{"key":"bib8","series-title":"JAMA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.2269","article-title":"Maternal body mass index and the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"311","author":"Aune","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aune DSaugstad ODHenriksen TTonstad S. Maternal body mass index and the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA20143111536\u20131546. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2014.2269)10.1001\/jama.2014.2269"},{"key":"bib9","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"j1","article-title":"Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child","volume":"356","author":"Catalano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Catalano PMShankar K. Obesity and pregnancy: mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child. BMJ2017356j1. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j1)"},{"key":"bib10","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4891-4","article-title":"Consequences of being overweight or obese during pregnancy on diabetes in the offspring: a record linkage study in Aberdeen, Scotland","volume":"62","author":"Lahti-Pulkkinen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lahti-Pulkkinen MBhattacharya SWild SHLindsay RSRaikkonen KNorman JEBhattacharya SReynolds RM. Consequences of being overweight or obese during pregnancy on diabetes in the offspring: a record linkage study in Aberdeen, Scotland. Diabetologia2019621412\u20131419. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4891-4)10.1007\/s00125-019-4891-4"},{"key":"bib11","series-title":"Reproduction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-10-0077","article-title":"Impact of maternal obesity on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk","volume":"140","author":"Drake","year":"2010","unstructured":"Drake AJReynolds RM. Impact of maternal obesity on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk. Reproduction2010140387\u2013398. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/REP-10-0077)10.1530\/REP-10-0077"},{"key":"bib12","series-title":"BMJ","article-title":"Maternal obesity during pregnancy and premature mortality from cardiovascular event in adult offspring: follow-up of 1 323 275 person years","volume":"347","author":"Reynolds","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reynolds RMAllan KMRaja EABhattacharya SMcNeill GHannaford PCSarwar NLee AJBhattacharya SNorman JE. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and premature mortality from cardiovascular event in adult offspring: follow-up of 1 323 275 person years. BMJ2013347 f4539. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.f4539)"},{"key":"bib13","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4809-6","article-title":"Maternal glucose levels during pregnancy and childhood adiposity in the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study","volume":"62","author":"Lowe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lowe WLLowe LPKuang ACatalano PMNodzenski MTalbott OTam WHSacks DAMcCance DLinder Bet al. Maternal glucose levels during pregnancy and childhood adiposity in the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study. Diabetologia201962598\u2013610. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4809-6)10.1007\/s00125-018-4809-6"},{"key":"bib14","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1646","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study (HAPO FUS): maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and childhood glucose metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Lowe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lowe Jr WLScholtens DMKuang ALinder BLawrence JMLebenthal YMcCance DHamilton JNodzenski MTalbot Oet al. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study (HAPO FUS): maternal gestational diabetes mellitus and childhood glucose metabolism. Diabetes Care201942372\u2013380. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-1646)10.2337\/dc18-1646"},{"key":"bib15","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4943-9","article-title":"Factors associated with stillbirth in women with diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Mackin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mackin STNelson SMWild SHColhoun HMWood RLindsay RSSDRN Epidemiology Group and Scottish Diabetes Group Pregnancy subgroup, Abubaker ABarnett AFischbacher C. Factors associated with stillbirth in women with diabetes. Diabetologia2019621938\u20131947. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4943-9)10.1007\/s00125-019-4943-9"},{"key":"bib16","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bellamy LCasas JPHingorani ADWilliams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet20093731773\u20131779. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(0960731-5)10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60731-5"},{"key":"bib17","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4840-2","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kramer CKCampbell SRetnakaran R. Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia201962905\u2013914. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4840-2)10.1007\/s00125-019-4840-2"},{"key":"bib18","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8122119","article-title":"Health in preconception, pregnancy and postpartum global alliance: international network preconception research priorities for the prevention of maternal obesity and related pregnancy and long-term complications","volume":"8","author":"Hill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hill BSkouteris HTeede HJBailey CBaxter JBBergmeier HJBorges ALVHarrison CLJack BJorgensen Let al. Health in preconception, pregnancy and postpartum global alliance: international network preconception research priorities for the prevention of maternal obesity and related pregnancy and long-term complications. Journal of Clinical Medicine201982119. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm8122119)10.3390\/jcm8122119"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"bib19","series-title":"International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13334","article-title":"Management of prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum obesity from the Figo Pregnancy and Non-Communicable Diseases Committee: a FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) guideline","volume":"151","author":"McAuliffe","year":"2020","unstructured":"McAuliffe FMKilleen SLJacob CMHanson MAHadar EMcIntyre HDKapur AKihara ABMa RCDivakar Het al. Management of prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum obesity from the Figo Pregnancy and Non-Communicable Diseases Committee: a FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) guideline. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics2020151 (Supplement 1) 16\u201336. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijgo.13334)10.1002\/ijgo.13334"},{"key":"bib20","series-title":"Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien","first-page":"27","article-title":"Clinical review: Modified 5 as: minimal intervention for obesity counseling in primary care","volume":"59","author":"Vallis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vallis MPiccinini-Vallis HSharma AMFreedhoff Y. Clinical review: Modified 5 as: minimal intervention for obesity counseling in primary care. Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien20135927\u201331."},{"key":"bib21","series-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03663-2","article-title":"Characteristics associated with uncomplicated pregnancies in women with obesity: a population-based cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Relph","year":"2021","unstructured":"Relph SGuo YFHarvey ALJVieira MCCorsi DJGaudet LMPasupathy D. Characteristics associated with uncomplicated pregnancies in women with obesity: a population-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth202121182. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-021-03663-2)10.1186\/s12884-021-03663-2"},{"key":"bib22","series-title":"Human Reproduction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa144","article-title":"Associations between polycystic ovary syndrome and adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes: a population study of 9.1 million births","volume":"35","author":"Mills","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mills GBadeghiesh ASuarthana EBaghlaf HDahan MH. Associations between polycystic ovary syndrome and adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes: a population study of 9.1 million births. Human Reproduction2020351914\u20131921. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deaa144)10.1093\/humrep\/deaa144"},{"key":"bib23","series-title":"Fertility and Sterility","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.015","article-title":"Increased rates of complications in singleton pregnancies of women previously diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome predominantly in the hyperandrogenic phenotype","volume":"108","author":"de Wilde","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Wilde MALamain-de Ruiter MVeltman-Verhulst SMKwee ALaven JSLambalk CBEijkemans MJCFranx AFauser BCJMKoster MPH. Increased rates of complications in singleton pregnancies of women previously diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome predominantly in the hyperandrogenic phenotype. Fertility and Sterility2017108333\u2013340. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.015)10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.015"},{"key":"bib24","series-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.05.032","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies","volume":"203","author":"Getahun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Getahun DFassett MJJacobsen SJ. Gestational diabetes: risk of recurrence in subsequent pregnancies. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology2010203467.e1\u2013467.e6. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.05.032)10.1016\/j.ajog.2010.05.032"},{"key":"bib25","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2517","article-title":"Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim CBerger DKChamany S. Recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus \u2013 a systematic review. Diabetes Care2007301314\u20131319. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc06-2517)10.2337\/dc06-2517"},{"key":"bib26","series-title":"BMJ Open","article-title":"Evaluation of guidelines on the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Li-Zhen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li-Zhen LYun XXiao-Dong ZShu-Bin HZi-Lian WAdrian Sandra DBin L. Evaluation of guidelines on the screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review. BMJ Open20199 e023014. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023014)"},{"issue":"42 S","key":"bib27","series-title":"Canadian Journal of Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2017.10.038","article-title":"Diabetes and pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Feig","year":"2018","unstructured":"Diabetes Canada Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee, Feig DSBerger HDonovan LGodbout AKader TKeely ESanghera R. Diabetes and pregnancy. Canadian Journal of Diabetes201842 (42 Supplement1) S255\u2013S282. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjd.2017.10.038). Erratum in: Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 2018 42 337.10.1016\/j.jcjd.2017.10.038"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"bib28","series-title":"Diabetes Care","first-page":"S200","article-title":"14. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: standards of medical care in diabetes \u2013 2021","volume":"44","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 14. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: standards of medical care in diabetes \u2013 2021. Diabetes Care44 (Supplement 1) S200\u2013S210. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-S014)"},{"key":"bib29","series-title":"Diabetic Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14292","article-title":"Barriers to completing oral glucose tolerance testing in women at risk of gestational diabetes","volume":"37","author":"Lachmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lachmann EHFox RADennison RAUsher-Smith JAMeek CLAiken CE. Barriers to completing oral glucose tolerance testing in women at risk of gestational diabetes. Diabetic Medicine2020371482\u20131489. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.14292)10.1111\/dme.14292"},{"key":"bib30","series-title":"BJOG","first-page":"973","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and the risk of late stillbirth: a case-control study from England, UK","volume":"126","author":"Stacey","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stacey TTennant PWGMcCowan LMEMitchell EABudd JLi MThompson JMDMartin BRoberts DHeazell AEP. Gestational diabetes and the risk of late stillbirth: a case-control study from England, UK. BJOG2019126973\u2013982. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.15659)"},{"key":"bib31","series-title":"Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology","first-page":"169","article-title":"Within-trial cost and 1-year cost-effectiveness of the DiRECT\/counterweight-plus weight-management programme to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes","volume":"7","author":"Xin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xin YDavies AMcCombie LBriggs AMessow CMGrieve ELeslie WSTaylor RLean MEJ. Within-trial cost and 1-year cost-effectiveness of the DiRECT\/counterweight-plus weight-management programme to achieve remission of type 2 diabetes. Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology20197169\u2013172. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(1830346-2)"},{"key":"bib32","series-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology","first-page":"e228","article-title":"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 201: pregestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"132","year":"2018","unstructured":"American College ofObstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Practice Bulletins \u2013Obstetrics. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 201: pregestational diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics and Gynecology2018132e228\u2013e248. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002960)"},{"key":"bib33","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1848","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","unstructured":"International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel, Metzger BEGabbe SGPersson BBuchanan TACatalano PADamm PDyer ARLeiva ADHod MInternational association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care201033676\u2013682. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc09-1848)10.2337\/dc09-1848"},{"issue":"Supplement 1","key":"bib34","series-title":"Diabetes Care","first-page":"S15","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes \u2013 2021","volume":"44","unstructured":"AmericanDiabetesAssociation. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes \u2013 2021. Diabetes Care44 (Supplement 1) S15\u2013S33. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-S002). Erratum in: Diabetes Care 2021 44 2182."},{"key":"bib35","series-title":"Preventing Chronic Disease","article-title":"Postpartum screening for diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Tovar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tovar AChasan-Taber LEggleston EOken E. Postpartum screening for diabetes among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Preventing Chronic Disease20118 A124."},{"key":"bib36","series-title":"British Journal of General Practice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp14X676410","article-title":"Diabetes screening after gestational diabetes in England: a quantitative retrospective cohort study","volume":"64","author":"McGovern","year":"2014","unstructured":"McGovern AButler LJones Svan Vlymen JSadek KMunro NCarr Hde Lusignan S. Diabetes screening after gestational diabetes in England: a quantitative retrospective cohort study. British Journal of General Practice201464e17\u2013e23. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/bjgp14X676410)10.3399\/bjgp14X676410"},{"key":"bib37","series-title":"Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.09.001","article-title":"Clinician views and knowledge regarding healthcare provision in the postpartum period for women with recent gestational diabetes: a systematic review of qualitative\/survey studies","volume":"106","author":"Van Ryswyk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Ryswyk EMiddleton PHague WCrowther C. Clinician views and knowledge regarding healthcare provision in the postpartum period for women with recent gestational diabetes: a systematic review of qualitative\/survey studies. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice2014106401\u2013411. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.09.001)10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.09.001"},{"key":"bib38","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3927-2","article-title":"Quantification of the type 2 diabetes risk in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 95,750 women","volume":"59","author":"Rayanagoudar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rayanagoudar GHashi AAZamora JKhan KSHitman GAThangaratinam S. Quantification of the type 2 diabetes risk in women with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 95,750 women. Diabetologia2016591403\u20131411. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-016-3927-2)10.1007\/s00125-016-3927-2"},{"key":"bib39","series-title":"Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology","first-page":"419","article-title":"Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Caleyachetty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caleyachetty RBarber TMMohammed NICappuccio FPHardy RMathur RBanerjee AGill P. Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study. Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology20219419\u2013426. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(2100088-7)"},{"key":"bib40","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05356-5","article-title":"BMI and risk of gestational diabetes among women of South Asian and Chinese ethnicity: a population-based study","volume":"64","author":"Read","year":"2021","unstructured":"Read SHRosella LCBerger HFeig DSFleming KRay JGShah BRLipscombe LL. BMI and risk of gestational diabetes among women of South Asian and Chinese ethnicity: a population-based study. Diabetologia202164805\u2013813. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05356-5)10.1007\/s00125-020-05356-5"},{"key":"bib41","series-title":"Systematic Reviews","article-title":"Prognostic prediction models for pregnancy complications in women with gestational diabetes: a protocol for systematic review, critical appraisal and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Cooray","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cooray SDBoyle JASoldatos GWijeyaratne LATeede HJ. Prognostic prediction models for pregnancy complications in women with gestational diabetes: a protocol for systematic review, critical appraisal and meta-analysis. Systematic Reviews20198 270. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-019-1151-0)"},{"key":"bib42","series-title":"BJOG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13766","article-title":"Researchers\u2019 position statement on tackling obesity in pregnancy: the International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) collaboration pleads for public health intervention","volume":"123","author":"Dodd","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dodd JThangaratinam S & i-WIP collaborative network. Researchers\u2019 position statement on tackling obesity in pregnancy: the International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) collaboration pleads for public health intervention. BJOG2016123163\u2013164. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.13766)10.1111\/1471-0528.13766"},{"key":"bib43","series-title":"BMJ","article-title":"Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence","volume":"344","author":"Thangaratinam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thangaratinam SRogozinska EJolly KGlinkowski SRoseboom TTomlinson JWKunz RMol BWCoomarasamy AKhan KS. Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence. BMJ2012344 e2088. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.e2088)"},{"key":"bib44","series-title":"BMJ","article-title":"Effect of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials","volume":"358","year":"2017","unstructured":"International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) Collaborative Group. Effect of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. BMJ2017358 j3119. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j3119)"},{"key":"bib45","series-title":"BMJ Open","article-title":"Diet and physical activity in pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes: a protocol for an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis on the differential effects of interventions with economic evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Coomar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Coomar DHazlehurst JMAustin FFoster CHitman GAHeslehurst NIliodromiti SBetran APMoss NPoston Let al. Diet and physical activity in pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes: a protocol for an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis on the differential effects of interventions with economic evaluation. BMJ Open202111 e048119. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-048119)"},{"key":"bib46","series-title":"PLoS Medicine","article-title":"Mediterranean-style diet in pregnant women with metabolic risk factors (ESTEEM): a pragmatic multicentre randomised trial","volume":"16","author":"Al Wattar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al Wattar BHDodds JPlaczek ABeresford LSpyreli EMoore AGonzalez Carreras FJAustin FMurugesu NRoseboom TJet al. Mediterranean-style diet in pregnant women with metabolic risk factors (ESTEEM): a pragmatic multicentre randomised trial. PLoS Medicine201916 e1002857. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002857)"},{"key":"bib47","series-title":"PLoS ONE","article-title":"A Mediterranean diet with additional extra virgin olive oil and pistachios reduces the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): a randomized controlled trial: the St. Carlos GDM prevention study","volume":"12","author":"Assaf-Balut","year":"2017","unstructured":"Assaf-Balut CGarcia de la Torre NDuran AFuentes MBordiu EDel Valle LFamiliar COrtola AJimenez IHerraiz MAA Mediterranean diet with additional extra virgin olive oil and pistachios reduces the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): a randomized controlled trial: the St. Carlos GDM prevention study. PLoS ONE201712 e0185873. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0185873)"},{"key":"bib48","series-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042973","article-title":"Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"352","author":"Crowther","year":"2005","unstructured":"Crowther CAHiller JEMoss JRMcPhee AJJeffries WSRobinson JS & Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. New England Journal of Medicine20053522477\u20132486. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa042973)10.1056\/NEJMoa042973"},{"key":"bib49","series-title":"New England Journal of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902430","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes","volume":"361","author":"Landon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Landon MBSpong CYThom ECarpenter MWRamin SMCasey BWapner RJVarner MWRouse DJThorp Jr JMet al. A multicenter, randomized trial of treatment for mild gestational diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine20093611339\u20131348. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0902430)10.1056\/NEJMoa0902430"},{"key":"bib50","series-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","first-page":"CD012037","article-title":"Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown JGrzeskowiak LWilliamson KDownie MRCrowther CA. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews201711CD012037. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012037.pub2)"},{"key":"bib51","series-title":"BMJ Open","article-title":"Treatments for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Farrar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farrar DSimmonds MBryant MSheldon TATuffnell DGolder SLawlor DA. Treatments for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open20177 e015557. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015557)"},{"key":"bib52","series-title":"PLoS Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002848","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002848","article-title":"Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metformin versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Tarry-Adkins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tarry-Adkins JLAiken CEOzanne SE. Neonatal, infant, and childhood growth following metformin versus insulin treatment for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine201916e1002848. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002848)10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002848"},{"key":"bib53","series-title":"Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology","first-page":"834","article-title":"Metformin in women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (MiTy): a multicentre, international, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Feig","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feig DSDonovan LEZinman BSanchez JJAsztalos ERyan EAFantus IGHutton EArmson ABLipscombe LLet al. Metformin in women with type 2 diabetes in pregnancy (MiTy): a multicentre, international, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology20208834\u2013844. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(2030310-7)"},{"key":"bib54","series-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","article-title":"Rationale, design, and methods for the medical optimization and management of pregnancies with overt type 2 diabetes (MOMPOD) study","volume":"18","author":"Berry","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berry DCThomas SDDorman KFIvins ARde Los Angeles Abreu MYoung LBoggess K. Rationale, design, and methods for the medical optimization and management of pregnancies with overt type 2 diabetes (MOMPOD) study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth201818 488. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-018-2108-3)"},{"key":"bib55","series-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","first-page":"CD010564","article-title":"Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Dodd","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dodd JMGrivell RMDeussen ARHague WM. Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews20187CD010564. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010564.pub2)"},{"key":"bib56","series-title":"Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metformin in obese pregnancy has no adverse effects on cardiovascular risk in early childhood","author":"Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang LLacey LWhyte SQuenby SDenison FCDhaun NNorman JEDrake AJReynolds RM. Metformin in obese pregnancy has no adverse effects on cardiovascular risk in early childhood. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease20211\u20135. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2040174421000301)"},{"key":"bib57","series-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.054","article-title":"Metformin use in obese mothers is associated with improved cardiovascular profile in the offspring","volume":"223","author":"Panagiotopoulou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Panagiotopoulou OSyngelaki AGeorgiopoulos GSimpson JAkolekar RShehata HNicolaides KCharakida M. Metformin use in obese mothers is associated with improved cardiovascular profile in the offspring. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology2020223246.e1\u2013246.e10. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.054)10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.054"},{"key":"bib58","series-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews","first-page":"CD010932","article-title":"Directed preconception health programs and interventions for improving pregnancy outcomes for women who are overweight or obese","volume":"7","author":"Opray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Opray NGrivell RMDeussen ARDodd JM. Directed preconception health programs and interventions for improving pregnancy outcomes for women who are overweight or obese. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews20157CD010932. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010932.pub2)"},{"key":"bib59","series-title":"Human Reproduction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex241","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of preconception lifestyle interventions on fertility, obstetric, fetal, anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in men and women","volume":"32","author":"Lan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lan LHarrison CLMisso MHill BTeede HJMol BWMoran LJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of preconception lifestyle interventions on fertility, obstetric, fetal, anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in men and women. Human Reproduction2017321925\u20131940. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/dex241)10.1093\/humrep\/dex241"},{"key":"bib60","series-title":"Diabetologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05341-y","article-title":"Reducing intergenerational obesity and diabetes risk","volume":"64","author":"Sauder","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sauder KARitchie ND. Reducing intergenerational obesity and diabetes risk. Diabetologia202164481\u2013490. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05341-y)10.1007\/s00125-020-05341-y"},{"key":"bib61","series-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.02.003","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal outcomes after bariatric surgery; a systematic review and meta-analysis: do the benefits outweigh the risks?","volume":"218","author":"Kwong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwong WTomlinson GFeig DS. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after bariatric surgery; a systematic review and meta-analysis: do the benefits outweigh the risks?American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology2018218573\u2013580. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.02.003)10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.02.003"},{"key":"bib62","series-title":"Weight Management Before, During and After Pregnancy (PH27)","year":"2010","unstructured":"Public HealthGuideline. Weight Management Before, During and After Pregnancy (PH27). NICE, 2010."},{"key":"bib63","series-title":"Obesity Reviews","article-title":"An evaluation of the impact of lifestyle interventions on body weight in postpartum women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lim SHill BTeede HJMoran LJO\u2019Reilly S. An evaluation of the impact of lifestyle interventions on body weight in postpartum women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews202021 e12990. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12990)"},{"key":"bib64","series-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000565","article-title":"Postpartum weight retention risk factors and relationship to obesity at 1 year","volume":"125","author":"Endres","year":"2015","unstructured":"Endres LKStraub HMcKinney CPlunkett BMinkovitz CSSchetter CDRamey SWang CHobel CRaju Tet al. Postpartum weight retention risk factors and relationship to obesity at 1 year. Obstetrics and Gynecology2015125144\u2013152. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000565)10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000565"},{"key":"bib65","series-title":"BMJ","article-title":"Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"369","author":"Vounzoulaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vounzoulaki EKhunti KAbner SCTan BKDavies MJGillies CL. Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ2020369 m1361. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1361)"},{"key":"bib66","series-title":"Lancet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33102-1","article-title":"Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"391","author":"Lean","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lean MEJLeslie WSBarnes ACBrosnahan NThom GMcCombie LPeters CZhyzhneuskaya SAl-Mrabeh AHollingsworth KGet al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet2018391541\u2013551. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(1733102-1)10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33102-1"},{"key":"bib67","series-title":"Primary Care Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.10.006","article-title":"GooD4Mum: a general practice-based quality improvement collaborative for diabetes prevention in women with previous gestational diabetes","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Reilly SLDunbar JABest JDVersace VFord DYoung DShih SBills RShepherdley WJanus EDGooD4Mum: a general practice-based quality improvement collaborative for diabetes prevention in women with previous gestational diabetes. Primary Care Diabetes201913134\u2013141. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.10.006)10.1016\/j.pcd.2018.10.006"},{"key":"bib68","series-title":"Diagnostic and Prognostic Research","article-title":"Diabetes after pregnancy: a study protocol for the derivation and validation of a risk prediction model for 5-year risk of diabetes following pregnancy","volume":"5","author":"Read","year":"2021","unstructured":"Read SHRosella LCBerger HFeig DSFleming KKaul PRay JGShah BRLipscombe LL. Diabetes after pregnancy: a study protocol for the derivation and validation of a risk prediction model for 5-year risk of diabetes following pregnancy. Diagnostic and Prognostic Research20215 5. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41512-021-00095-6)"},{"key":"bib69","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082635","article-title":"Mobile-based lifestyle intervention in women with glucose intolerance after gestational diabetes mellitus (Melinda), a multicenter randomized controlled trial: methodology and design","volume":"9","author":"Minschart","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minschart CMaes TDe Block CVan Pottelbergh IMyngheer NAbrams PVinck WLeuridan LMathieu CBillen Jet al. Mobile-based lifestyle intervention in women with glucose intolerance after gestational diabetes mellitus (Melinda), a multicenter randomized controlled trial: methodology and design. Journal of Clinical Medicine202092635. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9082635)10.3390\/jcm9082635"},{"key":"bib70","series-title":"Obesity Reviews","article-title":"Effects of lifestyle intervention on long-term risk of diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li NYang YCui DLi CMa RCWLi JYang X. Effects of lifestyle intervention on long-term risk of diabetes in women with prior gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obesity Reviews202122 e13122. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13122)"},{"key":"bib71","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"m3320","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"Allotey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allotey JStallings EBonet MYap MChatterjee SKew TDebenham LLlavall ACDixit AZhou DYet al. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ2020370m3320. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m3320)"},{"key":"bib72","series-title":"Diabetic Medicine","first-page":"e14380","article-title":"Approaches to screening for hyperglycaemia in pregnant women during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"38","author":"Meek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Meek CLLindsay RSScott EMAiken CEMyers JReynolds RMSimmons DYamamoto JMMcCance DRMurphy HR. Approaches to screening for hyperglycaemia in pregnant women during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetic Medicine202138e14380. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.14380)"},{"key":"bib73","series-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth","article-title":"Effectiveness of telemedicine for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xie WDai PQin YWu MYang BYu X. Effectiveness of telemedicine for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth202020 198. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-020-02892-1)"},{"key":"bib74","series-title":"Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology","first-page":"490","article-title":"A telehealth lifestyle intervention to reduce excess gestational weight gain in pregnant women with overweight or obesity (GLOW): a randomised, parallel-group, controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Ferrara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferrara AHedderson MMBrown SDEhrlich SFTsai ALFeng JGalarce MMarcovina SCatalano PQuesenberry CP. A telehealth lifestyle intervention to reduce excess gestational weight gain in pregnant women with overweight or obesity (GLOW): a randomised, parallel-group, controlled trial. Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology20208490\u2013500. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(2030107-8)"},{"key":"bib75","series-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","article-title":"An innovative artificial intelligence-based app for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM-AI): development study","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen JChen JZheng ZZheng JLiu ZSong JWong SYWang XHuang MFang PHet al. An innovative artificial intelligence-based app for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM-AI): development study. Journal of Medical Internet Research202022 e21573. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/21573)"},{"key":"bib76","series-title":"Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology","first-page":"793","article-title":"Gestational diabetes: opportunities for improving maternal and child health","volume":"8","author":"Saravanan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saravanan PDiabetes in Pregnancy Working Group; Maternal Medicine Clinical Study Group; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, UK. Gestational diabetes: opportunities for improving maternal and child health. Lancet: Diabetes and Endocrinology20208793\u2013800. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(2030161-3)"},{"key":"bib77","series-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research","article-title":"Toward a multivariate prediction model of pharmacological treatment for women With gestational diabetes mellitus: algorithm development and validation","volume":"23","author":"Velardo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Velardo CClifton DHamblin SKhan RTarassenko LMackillop L. Toward a multivariate prediction model of pharmacological treatment for women With gestational diabetes mellitus: algorithm development and validation. Journal of Medical Internet Research202123 e21435. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/21435)"},{"key":"bib78","series-title":"Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0022","article-title":"Precision medicine in diabetes: a consensus report from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"43","author":"Chung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chung WKErion KFlorez JCHattersley ATHivert MFLee CGMcCarthy MINolan JJNorris JMPearson ERet al. Precision medicine in diabetes: a consensus report from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care2020431617\u20131635. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci20-0022)10.2337\/dci20-0022"},{"key":"bib79","series-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5365","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0697","article-title":"Maternal BMI, parity, and pregnancy weight gain: influences on offspring adiposity in young adulthood","volume":"95","author":"Reynolds","year":"2010","unstructured":"Reynolds RMOsmond CPhillips DIGodfrey KM. Maternal BMI, parity, and pregnancy weight gain: influences on offspring adiposity in young adulthood. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism2010955365\u20135369. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-0697)10.1210\/jc.2010-0697"},{"key":"bib80","series-title":"Human Reproduction","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab112","article-title":"Association of maternal polycystic ovary syndrome or anovulatory infertility with obesity and diabetes in offspring: a population-based cohort study","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen XKoivuaho EPiltonen TTGissler MLavebratt C. Association of maternal polycystic ovary syndrome or anovulatory infertility with obesity and diabetes in offspring: a population-based cohort study. Human Reproduction2021362345\u20132357. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deab112)10.1093\/humrep\/deab112"},{"key":"bib81","series-title":"BMJ","article-title":"Maternal diabetes during pregnancy and early onset of cardiovascular disease in offspring: population based cohort study with 40 years of follow-up","volume":"367","author":"Yu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yu YArah OALiew ZCnattingius SOlsen JSorensen HTQin GLi J. Maternal diabetes during pregnancy and early onset of cardiovascular disease in offspring: population based cohort study with 40 years of follow-up. BMJ2019367 l6398. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l6398)"},{"key":"bib82","series-title":"BJOG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e62","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15386","article-title":"Care of women with obesity in pregnancy: Green-Top Guideline No. 72","volume":"126","author":"Denison","year":"2019","unstructured":"Denison FCAedla NRKeag OHor KReynolds RMMilne ADiamond A & Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Care of women with obesity in pregnancy: Green-Top Guideline No. 72. BJOG2019126e62\u2013e106. (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.15386)10.1111\/1471-0528.15386"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/186\/6\/EJE-21-1046.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/eje\/186\/6\/EJE-21-1046.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/eje\/186\/6\/EJE-21-1046.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T11:17:27Z","timestamp":1676373447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/186\/6\/R113\/6853692"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-21-1046","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]}}}