{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:39:31Z","timestamp":1785519571991,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes is a common manifestation of metabolic dysfunction due to obesity and constitutes a major burden for modern health care systems, in concert with the alarming rise in obesity worldwide. In recent years, several successful pharmacotherapies improving glucose metabolism have emerged and some of these also promote weight loss, thus, ameliorating insulin resistance. However, the progressive nature of type 2 diabetes is not halted by these new anti-diabetic pharmacotherapies. Therefore, novel therapies promoting weight loss further and delaying diabetes progression are needed. Amylin, a beta cell hormone, has satiating properties and also delays gastric emptying and inhibits postprandial glucagon secretion with the net result of reducing postprandial glucose excursions. Amylin acts through the six amylin receptors, which share the core component with the calcitonin receptor. Calcitonin, derived from thyroid C cells, is best known for its role in humane calcium metabolism, where it inhibits osteoclasts and reduces circulating calcium. However, calcitonin, particularly of salmon origin, has also been shown to affect insulin sensitivity, reduce the gastric emptying rate and promote satiation. Preclinical trials with agents targeting the calcitonin receptor and the amylin receptors, show improvements in several parameters of glucose metabolism including insulin sensitivity and some of these agents are currently undergoing clinical trials. Here, we review the physiological and pharmacological effects of amylin and calcitonin and discuss the future potential of amylin and calcitonin-based treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-21-1261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T18:26:15Z","timestamp":1648664775000},"page":"R93-R111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Amylin and calcitonin \u2013 physiology and pharmacology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"David S","family":"Mathiesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asger","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens J","family":"Holst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2495-5034","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Filip K","family":"Knop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3174-1613","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonatan I","family":"Bagger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Gentofte and Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"bib1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1789","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","year":"2018","unstructured":"GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. 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