{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:13:32Z","timestamp":1787022812135,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","content-domain":{"domain":["eje.bioscientifica.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE: In the present study we have measured the concentrations of interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in the serum of patients with Graves' disease (GD). By multivariate analysis, we have evaluated the effect of antithyroid treatment, thyroid function, the presence or absence of active thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), the patient's smoking habits and the relation to circulating anti-thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TRAb) and anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPOAb). SUBJECTS: We studied 84 GD patients, 51 untreated and 33 receiving methimazole (MMI) therapy. Twenty-three (45%) untreated patients and 18 (54%) patients on MMI had active TAO. We also studied 67 normal subjects as controls. Thirty-one GD patients (43%) and 16 controls (36%) were smokers. RESULTS: Serum IL-6 concentrations were significantly higher in both untreated patients (P&lt;0.001) and treated patients (P&lt;0.006), when compared with controls. Serum sIL-6R concentrations were significantly affected by treatment (P=0.001). Serum IL-1Ra concentrations were not different in GD patients, whether treated or untreated, compared with controls. Serum IL-6 concentrations were not influenced by thyroid function and there was a significant interaction between treatment and the presence of active TAO (P=0.003). In hyperthyroid patients with active TAO serum, sIL-6R concentrations were significantly higher than in those with inactive TAO (P=0.003). In untreated GD patients there was no significant effect of thyroid function and TAO activity on the serum concentrations of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. Serum IL-1Ra concentrations were not affected by the presence of TAO. Smoking had no effect on serum IL-6, sIL-6R, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-1Ra concentrations, even in the presence of an active TAO. Serum concentrations of IL-6, sIL-6R, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta and IL-1Ra were not different in patients with and without TRAb or TPOAb, in relation to either thyroid function, TAO activity or smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Our work shows that: (i) the proinflammatory cytokine pattern in GD is greatly influenced by antithyroid drug treatment; (ii) the increased circulating IL-6\/sIL-6R concentrations observed in patients with active TAO may derive from the activation of humoral reactions in sites other than the thyroid; and, (iii) cigarette smoking has no effect on serum IL-1\/IL-1Ra concentrations in TAO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,24]],"date-time":"2005-01-24T16:34:41Z","timestamp":1106584481000},"page":"197-202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/crossmarkpolicy-1","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in Graves' disease: effect of treatment, thyroid function, ophthalmopathy and cigarette smoking"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Salvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Pedrazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Girasole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Minelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Roti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","container-title":["European Journal of Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/143\/2\/197.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/eje.bioscientifica.com\/view\/journals\/eje\/143\/2\/197.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T11:28:46Z","timestamp":1676374126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ejendo\/article\/143\/2\/197\/6750530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1430197","relation":{},"ISSN":["0804-4643","1479-683X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0804-4643","type":"print"},{"value":"1479-683X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]]}}}